{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,8]],"date-time":"2026-07-08T10:22:24Z","timestamp":1783506144846,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":26,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J Am Podiatr Med Assoc"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2012,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>There are no conclusive data to support the contention that diabetic patients have an increased frequency of ankle equinus compared with their nondiabetic counterparts. Additionally, a presumed contributing cause of foot ulceration is ankle joint equinus. Therefore, we sought to determine whether persons with diabetes have a higher prevalence of ankle joint equinus than do nondiabetic persons.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A prospective pilot survey of 102 outpatients (43 diabetic and 59 nondiabetic) was conducted. Demographic and historical data were obtained. Each patient underwent a standard lower-extremity examination, including the use of a biplane goniometer to measure ankle joint range of motion.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Equinus, defined as ankle dorsiflexion measured at 0\u00b0 or less, was found in 24.5% of the overall population. In the diabetes cohort, 16 of 43 patients (37.2%) were affected compared with 9 of 59 nondiabetic participants (15.3%) (\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      = .011). There was a threefold risk of equinus in the diabetic population (odds ratio [OR], 3.3; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.28\u20138.44;\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      &lt; .013). The equinus group had a history of ulceration in 52.0% compared with 20.8% of the nonequinus group (\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      = .003). Equinus, therefore, imparted a fourfold risk of ulceration (OR, 4.13; 95% CI, 1.58\u201310.77;\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      &lt; .004). We also found a 2.8 times risk of equinus in patients with peripheral neuropathy (OR, 2.8; 95% CI, 1.11\u20137.09;\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      &lt; .029).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Equinus may be more prevalent in diabetic patients than previously reported. Although we cannot prove causality, we found a significant association between equinus and ulceration. (J Am Podiatr Med Assoc 102(2): 84\u201388, 2012)<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.7547\/1020084","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,4,1]],"date-time":"2014-04-01T09:44:48Z","timestamp":1396345488000},"page":"84-88","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":41,"title":["Prevalence of Equinus in Diabetic versus Nondiabetic Patients"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"102","author":[{"given":"Robert G.","family":"Frykberg","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Podiatry Department, Carl T. Hayden Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Phoenix, AZ."},{"name":"Arizona Podiatric Medicine Program, Midwestern University College of Health Sciences, Glendale, AZ."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joel","family":"Bowen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Podiatry Department, Carl T. 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