{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,8]],"date-time":"2026-07-08T10:22:28Z","timestamp":1783506148544,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":62,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J Am Podiatr Med Assoc"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2012,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>As form follows function, pedal anatomy is embedded in a history of evolution. This literature review seeks to further the understanding of physiologic and pathologic flatfoot through cross-disciplinary research of expired and extant members of the Homininae subfamily. Archaeological, anthropological, paleontological, and ontogenetic evidence presents multiple biomechanical similarities and anatomical parallels between flatfooted hominins and humans. Recognizing an evolutionary pattern in flatfoot pathologic disorders enhances anticipation and effective treatment. (J Am Podiatr Med Assoc 102(4): 319\u2013323, 2012)<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.7547\/1020319","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,4,1]],"date-time":"2014-04-01T09:44:28Z","timestamp":1396345468000},"page":"319-323","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["A Cross-disciplinary Approach to Understanding Flatfoot"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"102","author":[{"given":"Priya","family":"Ponnapula","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Podiatric Surgery, Bone and Joint Institute, 2325 Dougherty Ferry Rd, Suite 202, St. Louis, MO 63122. (E-mail: Priyaponnapula@gmail.com)"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","reference":[{"key":"b1-1020319","series-title":"Foot Ankle Int","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"705","DOI":"10.1177\/107110079701801105","article-title":"Alterations in talar morphology associated with adult flatfoot.","volume":"18","author":"Anderson, JG","year":"1997","unstructured":"Anderson, JG, RHarrington, RPChing, et al. :Alterations in talar morphology associated with adult flatfoot. .Foot Ankle Int18::705. ,1997. .10.1177\/1071100797018011059391815"},{"key":"b2-1020319","series-title":"Clin Biomech","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinbiomech.2003.10.007","article-title":"The effect of posterior tibialis tendon dysfunction on the plantar pressure characteristics and the kinematics of the arch and hindfoot.","volume":"19","author":"Imhauser, CW","year":"2004","unstructured":"Imhauser, CW, SSiegler, NAAbidi, et al. :The effect of posterior tibialis tendon dysfunction on the plantar pressure characteristics and the kinematics of the arch and hindfoot. .Clin Biomech19::161. ,2004. .10.1016\/j.clinbiomech.2003.10.007"},{"key":"b3-1020319","first-page":"331","article-title":"Relationship between adolescent bunions and flatfeet.","volume":"8","author":"Kalen, V","year":"1988","unstructured":"Kalen, V and ABrecher. :Relationship between adolescent bunions and flatfeet. .8::331. ,1988. .3402852"},{"key":"b4-1020319","series-title":"Clin Orthop","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1097\/00003086-199908000-00008","article-title":"Talonavicular arthrodesis for the acquired flatfoot in the adult.","volume":"365","author":"Harper, MC","year":"1999","unstructured":"Harper, MC\n          . :Talonavicular arthrodesis for the acquired flatfoot in the adult. .Clin Orthop365::65. ,1999. .10.1097\/00003086-199908000-00008"},{"key":"b5-1020319","series-title":"Foot Ankle Int","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"220","DOI":"10.1177\/107110070102200309","article-title":"Experimental flatfoot model: the contribution of dynamic loading.","volume":"22","author":"Chu, IT","year":"2001","unstructured":"Chu, IT, MSMyerson, MNyska, et al. :Experimental flatfoot model: the contribution of dynamic loading. .Foot Ankle Int22::220. ,2001. .10.1177\/10711007010220030911310864"},{"key":"b6-1020319","series-title":"Foot Ankle Int","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"530","DOI":"10.1177\/107110070302400704","article-title":"Deformity and degeneration in the hindfoot and midfoot joints of adult acquired flatfoot.","volume":"24","author":"Greisberg, J","year":"2003","unstructured":"Greisberg, J, STHansen, and BSangeorzan. :Deformity and degeneration in the hindfoot and midfoot joints of adult acquired flatfoot. .Foot Ankle Int24::530. ,2003. .1292135710.1177\/107110070302400704"},{"key":"b7-1020319","series-title":"Evol Anthropol","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"174","DOI":"10.1002\/evan.20276","article-title":"Development of the human hind limb and its importance for the evolution of bipedalism.","volume":"19","author":"Tardieu, C","year":"2010","unstructured":"Tardieu, C\n          . :Development of the human hind limb and its importance for the evolution of bipedalism. .Evol Anthropol19::174. ,2010. .10.1002\/evan.20276"},{"key":"b8-1020319","series-title":"Med Hypotheses","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1060","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mehy.2006.01.042","article-title":"Human balance, the evolution of bipedalism and dysequilibrium syndrome.","volume":"66","author":"Skoyles, JR","year":"2006","unstructured":"Skoyles, JR\n          . :Human balance, the evolution of bipedalism and dysequilibrium syndrome. .Med Hypotheses66::1060. ,2006. .1653097710.1016\/j.mehy.2006.01.042"},{"key":"b9-1020319","series-title":"Am J Phys Anthropol","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1002\/ajpa.1330200109","article-title":"Chimpanzee and human feet in bipedal walking.","volume":"20","author":"Elftman, H","year":"1935","unstructured":"Elftman, H and JManter. :Chimpanzee and human feet in bipedal walking. .Am J Phys Anthropol20::69. ,1935. .10.1002\/ajpa.1330200109"},{"key":"b10-1020319","series-title":"Basic Biomechanics of the Musculoskeletal System","first-page":"163","article-title":"Biomechanics of the Foot.","author":"Sammarco, GJ","year":"2001","unstructured":"Sammarco, GJ\n          . : \u201cBiomechanics of the Foot. ,\u201d inBasic Biomechanics of the Musculoskeletal System. , edited byNordin, M and VHFrankel. , p163. ,Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. ,Philadelphia. ,2001. ."},{"key":"b11-1020319","series-title":"Gait Analysis: Normal and Pathological Function","first-page":"69","article-title":"Normal Gait.","author":"Perry, J","year":"1992","unstructured":"Perry, J\n          . : \u201cNormal Gait. ,\u201d inGait Analysis: Normal and Pathological Function. , edited byPerry, J. , p69. ,Slack Inc. ,Thorofare, NJ. ,1992. ."},{"key":"b12-1020319","series-title":"Foot Ankle","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1177\/107110078700800103","article-title":"Functional characteristics of the foot and the plantar aponeurosis under tibiotalar loading.","volume":"8","author":"Sarrafian, SK","year":"1987","unstructured":"Sarrafian, SK\n          . :Functional characteristics of the foot and the plantar aponeurosis under tibiotalar loading. .Foot Ankle8::4. ,1987. .10.1177\/1071100787008001033623360"},{"key":"b13-1020319","series-title":"J Anat","first-page":"165","article-title":"Calcaneocuboid joint and stability of the longitudinal arch of the foot at high and low gear push off.","volume":"129","author":"Bojsen-M\u00f8ller, F","year":"1979","unstructured":"Bojsen-M\u00f8ller, F\n          . :Calcaneocuboid joint and stability of the longitudinal arch of the foot at high and low gear push off. .J Anat129::165. ,1979. .511760"},{"key":"b14-1020319","series-title":"J Anat","first-page":"275","article-title":"The joints of the evolving foot: part III. The fossil evidence.","volume":"131","author":"Lewis, OJ","year":"1980","unstructured":"Lewis, OJ\n          . :The joints of the evolving foot: part III. The fossil evidence. .J Anat131::275. ,1980. .6780500"},{"key":"b15-1020319","series-title":"J Anat","first-page":"833","article-title":"The joints of the evolving foot: part II. The intrinsic joints.","volume":"130","author":"Lewis, OJ","year":"1980","unstructured":"Lewis, OJ\n          . :The joints of the evolving foot: part II. The intrinsic joints. .J Anat130::833. ,1980. .7429971"},{"key":"b16-1020319","series-title":"Foot Ankle","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"365","DOI":"10.1177\/107110078300300605","article-title":"Evolution of the human foot: evidence from Plio-Pleistocene hominids.","volume":"3","author":"Susman, RL","year":"1983","unstructured":"Susman, RL\n          . :Evolution of the human foot: evidence from Plio-Pleistocene hominids. .Foot Ankle3::365. ,1983. .640971510.1177\/107110078300300605"},{"key":"b17-1020319","series-title":"J Human Evol","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"269","DOI":"10.1006\/jhev.1996.0061","article-title":"The OH8 foot: a reappraisal of the hindfoot utilizing a multivariate analysis.","volume":"31","author":"Kidd, RS","year":"1996","unstructured":"Kidd, RS, POO\u2019Higgins, and CEOxnard. :The OH8 foot: a reappraisal of the hindfoot utilizing a multivariate analysis. .J Human Evol31::269. ,1996. .10.1006\/jhev.1996.0061"},{"key":"b18-1020319","series-title":"Foot","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1016\/S0958-2592(98)90002-5","article-title":"The past is the key to the present: thoughts on the origins of human foot structure, function and dysfunction as seen from the fossil record.","volume":"8","author":"Kidd, RS","year":"1998","unstructured":"Kidd, RS\n          . :The past is the key to the present: thoughts on the origins of human foot structure, function and dysfunction as seen from the fossil record. .Foot8::75. ,1998. .10.1016\/S0958-2592(98)90002-5"},{"key":"b19-1020319","series-title":"J Anat","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"403","DOI":"10.1111\/j.0021-8782.2004.00296.x","article-title":"Fossils, feet, and the evolution of human bipedal locomotion.","volume":"204","author":"Harcourt-Smith, WEH","year":"2004","unstructured":"Harcourt-Smith, WEH and LCAiello. :Fossils, feet, and the evolution of human bipedal locomotion. .J Anat204::403. ,2004. .10.1111\/j.0021-8782.2004.00296.x15198703"},{"key":"b20-1020319","series-title":"Clin Orthop Relat Res","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.1097\/00003086-196701000-00016","article-title":"The function of the subtalar joint.","volume":"50","author":"Close, JR","year":"1967","unstructured":"Close, JR, VTInman, PMPoor, et al. :The function of the subtalar joint. .Clin Orthop Relat Res50::159. ,1967. .10.1097\/00003086-196701000-000166029014"},{"key":"b21-1020319","series-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6567","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0900270106","article-title":"Functional morphology of the ankle and the likelihood of climbing in early hominins.","volume":"106","author":"DeSilva, JM","year":"2009","unstructured":"DeSilva, JM\n          . :Functional morphology of the ankle and the likelihood of climbing in early hominins. .Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A106::6567. ,2009. .1936506810.1073\/pnas.0900270106"},{"key":"b22-1020319","series-title":"JAPMA","first-page":"2","article-title":"Evolution of the rearfoot: a model of adaptation with evidence from the fossil record.","volume":"89","author":"Kidd, R","year":"1999","unstructured":"Kidd, R\n          . :Evolution of the rearfoot: a model of adaptation with evidence from the fossil record. .JAPMA89::2. ,1999. ."},{"key":"b23-1020319","series-title":"Am J Phys Anthropol","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"273","DOI":"10.1002\/ajpa.1330840305","article-title":"Complications for the interpretation of hominid terrestrial adaptations.","volume":"84","author":"Meldrum, JD","year":"1991","unstructured":"Meldrum, JD\n          . :Complications for the interpretation of hominid terrestrial adaptations. .Am J Phys Anthropol84::273. ,1991. .10.1002\/ajpa.1330840305"},{"key":"b24-1020319","series-title":"Am J Phys Anthropol","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1002\/ajpa.1330890105","article-title":"Plantigrady and foot adaptation in African apes: implications for hominid origins.","volume":"89","author":"Gebo, DL","year":"1992","unstructured":"Gebo, DL\n          . :Plantigrady and foot adaptation in African apes: implications for hominid origins. .Am J Phys Anthropol89::29. ,1992. .10.1002\/ajpa.13308901051530061"},{"key":"b25-1020319","series-title":"J Anat","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"501","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-7580.2008.00870.x","article-title":"Locomotion and posture from common hominoid ancestor to fully modern hominins, with special reference to the last common panin\/hominin ancestor.","volume":"212","author":"Crompton, RH","year":"2008","unstructured":"Crompton, RH and EEVereecke. :Locomotion and posture from common hominoid ancestor to fully modern hominins, with special reference to the last common panin\/hominin ancestor. .J Anat212::501. ,2008. .10.1111\/j.1469-7580.2008.00870.x18380868"},{"key":"b26-1020319","series-title":"Anatomy of the Foot and Ankle: Descriptive, Topographic, Functional","first-page":"16","article-title":"Functional Anatomy of the Foot and Ankle.","author":"Sarrafian, SK","year":"1983","unstructured":"Sarrafian, SK\n          . : \u201cFunctional Anatomy of the Foot and Ankle. ,\u201d inAnatomy of the Foot and Ankle: Descriptive, Topographic, Functional. , edited bySarrafian, SK. , p16. ,Lippincott. ,Philadelphia. ,1983. ."},{"key":"b27-1020319","series-title":"J Bone Joint Surg Am","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1147","DOI":"10.2106\/00004623-199908000-00010","article-title":"Subluxation of the talocalcaneal joint in adults who have symptomatic flatfoot.","volume":"81","author":"Ananthakrisnan, D","year":"1999","unstructured":"Ananthakrisnan, D, RChing, ATencer, et al. :Subluxation of the talocalcaneal joint in adults who have symptomatic flatfoot. .J Bone Joint Surg Am81::1147. ,1999. .10.2106\/00004623-199908000-0001010466647"},{"key":"b28-1020319","series-title":"Prosthet Orthot Int","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.3109\/03093649809164454","article-title":"Biomechanical gait evaluation of the immediate effect of orthotic treatment for flexible flat foot.","volume":"22","author":"Leung, AK","year":"1998","unstructured":"Leung, AK, AFMak, and JHEvans. :Biomechanical gait evaluation of the immediate effect of orthotic treatment for flexible flat foot. .Prosthet Orthot Int22::25. ,1998. .960427310.3109\/03093649809164454"},{"key":"b29-1020319","series-title":"Foot Ankle Int","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"216","DOI":"10.1177\/107110070002100306","article-title":"Subtalar pronation-relationship to the medial longitudinal arch loading in the normal foot.","volume":"21","author":"Arangio, GA","year":"2000","unstructured":"Arangio, GA, DCPhillippy, DXiao, et al. :Subtalar pronation-relationship to the medial longitudinal arch loading in the normal foot. .Foot Ankle Int21::216. ,2000. .1073915210.1177\/107110070002100306"},{"key":"b30-1020319","series-title":"Am J Roentgenol","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1237","DOI":"10.2214\/ajr.161.6.8249732","article-title":"Tear of the posterior tibial tendon causing asymmetric flatfoot: radiologic findings.","volume":"161","author":"Karasick, D","year":"1993","unstructured":"Karasick, D and MESchweitzer. :Tear of the posterior tibial tendon causing asymmetric flatfoot: radiologic findings. .Am J Roentgenol161::1237. ,1993. .10.2214\/ajr.161.6.8249732"},{"key":"b31-1020319","series-title":"Foot Ankle Int","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"66","DOI":"10.1177\/107110070602700113","article-title":"Current concepts review: acquired adult flatfoot deformity.","volume":"27","author":"Pinney, S","year":"2006","unstructured":"Pinney, S and SSLin. :Current concepts review: acquired adult flatfoot deformity. .Foot Ankle Int27::66. ,2006. .10.1177\/107110070602700113"},{"key":"b32-1020319","series-title":"Primates","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1007\/s10329-009-0161-2","article-title":"Locomotor evolution of Mesopithecus (primates: Colobinae) evidence from selected astragalar characters.","volume":"51","author":"Youlatos, D","year":"2010","unstructured":"Youlatos, D and GDKoufos. :Locomotor evolution of Mesopithecus (primates: Colobinae) evidence from selected astragalar characters. .Primates51::23. ,2010. .1968510410.1007\/s10329-009-0161-2"},{"key":"b33-1020319","series-title":"Primates","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1007\/s10329-010-0219-1","article-title":"Three-dimensional orientations of talar articular surfaces in humans and great apes.","volume":"52","author":"Kanamoto, S","year":"2011","unstructured":"Kanamoto, S, NOgihara, and MNakatsukasa. :Three-dimensional orientations of talar articular surfaces in humans and great apes. .Primates52::61. ,2011. .10.1007\/s10329-010-0219-120844922"},{"key":"b34-1020319","series-title":"Nature","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"969","DOI":"10.1038\/201969a0","article-title":"Fossil foot bones.","volume":"201","author":"Day, MH","year":"1964","unstructured":"Day, MH and JRNapier. :Fossil foot bones. .Nature201::969. ,1964. .10.1038\/201969a014191606"},{"key":"b35-1020319","series-title":"J Human Evol","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"225","DOI":"10.1016\/0047-2484(88)90055-3","article-title":"Pedal evidence for the origin and diversification of cercopithecid clades.","volume":"17","author":"Strasser, E","year":"1988","unstructured":"Strasser, E\n          . :Pedal evidence for the origin and diversification of cercopithecid clades. .J Human Evol17::225. ,1988. .10.1016\/0047-2484(88)90055-3"},{"key":"b36-1020319","series-title":"J Anat","first-page":"225","article-title":"Some factors influencing angulation of the neck of the mammalian talus.","volume":"89","author":"Barnett, CH","year":"1955","unstructured":"Barnett, CH\n          . :Some factors influencing angulation of the neck of the mammalian talus. .J Anat89::225. ,1955. .14367218"},{"key":"b37-1020319","series-title":"Folia Primatol (Basel)","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1159\/000155111","article-title":"Angular growth changes and comparisons in the primate talus.","volume":"7","author":"Lisowski, FP","year":"1967","unstructured":"Lisowski, FP\n          . :Angular growth changes and comparisons in the primate talus. .Folia Primatol (Basel)7::81. ,1967. .10.1159\/000155111"},{"key":"b38-1020319","series-title":"Clin Orthop","first-page":"41","article-title":"The transverse tarsal joint and its control.","volume":"16","author":"Elftman, H","year":"1960","unstructured":"Elftman, H\n          . :The transverse tarsal joint and its control. .Clin Orthop16::41. ,1960. .13819895"},{"key":"b39-1020319","series-title":"Am J Phys Anthropol","first-page":"245","article-title":"Revisiting the \u201cmidtarsal break.\u201d.","volume":"141","author":"DeSilva, JM","year":"2010","unstructured":"DeSilva, JM\n          . :Revisiting the \u201cmidtarsal break.\u201d.Am J Phys Anthropol141::245. ,2010. .19672845"},{"key":"b40-1020319","series-title":"Pediatric Foot and Ankle Surgery","first-page":"142","article-title":"Introduction to the Flatfoot.","volume":"1","author":"Jay, R","year":"1999","unstructured":"Jay, R\n          . : \u201cIntroduction to the Flatfoot. ,\u201d inPediatric Foot and Ankle Surgery. , Vol1:, edited byJay, R. , p142. ,WB Saunders. ,Philadelphia. ,1999. ."},{"key":"b41-1020319","series-title":"Clin Podiatr Med Surg","first-page":"1190","article-title":"Talar neck osteotomy for the treatment of severe structural flatfoot deformities.","volume":"4","author":"Grumbine, NA","year":"1987","unstructured":"Grumbine, NA\n          . :Talar neck osteotomy for the treatment of severe structural flatfoot deformities. .Clin Podiatr Med Surg4::1190. ,1987. ."},{"key":"b42-1020319","series-title":"Foot Ankle Clin","first-page":"41","article-title":"Talar neck osteotomy for flatfoot reconstruction: a 27-year follow-up study.","volume":"23","author":"Grumbine, NA","year":"2006","unstructured":"Grumbine, NA\n          . :Talar neck osteotomy for flatfoot reconstruction: a 27-year follow-up study. .Foot Ankle Clin23::41. ,2006. ."},{"key":"b43-1020319","series-title":"Am J Phys Anthropol","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"499","DOI":"10.1002\/ajpa.20320","article-title":"Foot bones from Omo: implications for hominid evolution.","volume":"129","author":"Gebo, DL","year":"2006","unstructured":"Gebo, DL and GTSchwartz. :Foot bones from Omo: implications for hominid evolution. .Am J Phys Anthropol129::499. ,2006. .1633165810.1002\/ajpa.20320"},{"key":"b44-1020319","series-title":"J Child Orthop","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.1007\/s11832-009-0168-7","article-title":"Talonavicular joint arthrodesis for the treatment of older children and adolescents with cerebral palsy.","volume":"3","author":"Turriago, CA","year":"2009","unstructured":"Turriago, CA, MFArbelaez, and LCBecerra. :Talonavicular joint arthrodesis for the treatment of older children and adolescents with cerebral palsy. .J Child Orthop3::179. ,2009. .1930847710.1007\/s11832-009-0168-7"},{"issue":"suppl 1","key":"b45-1020319","series-title":"J Bone Joint Surg Am","first-page":"221","article-title":"A discussion of Wolff\u2019s law.","volume":"15","author":"Taylor, RT","year":"1902","unstructured":"Taylor, RT\n          . :A discussion of Wolff\u2019s law. .J Bone Joint Surg Am15 ( suppl 1:):221. ,1902. ."},{"key":"b46-1020319","series-title":"Foot and Ankle","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.1177\/107110078700800302","article-title":"Selective tarsal arthrodesis: an in vitro analysis of the effect on foot motion.","volume":"8","author":"Gellman, H","year":"1987","unstructured":"Gellman, H, MLenihan, NHalikis, et al. :Selective tarsal arthrodesis: an in vitro analysis of the effect on foot motion. .Foot and Ankle8::127. ,1987. .10.1177\/107110078700800302"},{"key":"b47-1020319","series-title":"J Rheum","first-page":"46","article-title":"Radiographic criteria for epidemiologic studies of osteoarthritis.","volume":"22","author":"Hart, DJ","year":"1995","unstructured":"Hart, DJ and TDSpector. :Radiographic criteria for epidemiologic studies of osteoarthritis. .J Rheum22::46. ,1995. ."},{"key":"b48-1020319","series-title":"Foot Ankle Clin N Am","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1016\/S1083-7515(03)00087-1","article-title":"Posterior tibial tendon insufficiency: isolated fusion of the talonavicular joint.","volume":"6","author":"Fortin, R","year":"2001","unstructured":"Fortin, R\n          . :Posterior tibial tendon insufficiency: isolated fusion of the talonavicular joint. .Foot Ankle Clin N Am6::137. ,2001. .10.1016\/S1083-7515(03)00087-1"},{"key":"b49-1020319","series-title":"Op Tech Sports Med","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1016\/S1060-1872(10)80003-6","article-title":"Biomechanics and orthotics of the foot in athletes.","volume":"2","author":"Graves, SC","year":"1994","unstructured":"Graves, SC, THBadwey, and KOGraves. :Biomechanics and orthotics of the foot in athletes. .Op Tech Sports Med2::2. ,1994. .10.1016\/S1060-1872(10)80003-6"},{"key":"b50-1020319","series-title":"Anat Rec","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.1002\/ar.1090930206","article-title":"The functional significance of the declination of the axis of the subtalar joint.","volume":"93","author":"Jones, RL","year":"1945","unstructured":"Jones, RL\n          . :The functional significance of the declination of the axis of the subtalar joint. .Anat Rec93::151. ,1945. .2100331910.1002\/ar.1090930206"},{"key":"b51-1020319","series-title":"The Joints of the Ankle","author":"Inman, VT","year":"1976","unstructured":"Inman, VT\n          . :The Joints of the Ankle. , edited bySteihl, JB. ,Williams & Wilkins. ,Baltimore. ,1976. ."},{"key":"b52-1020319","series-title":"Functional Reconstruction of the Foot and Ankle","first-page":"157","article-title":"Post Traumatic Degenerative Problems of the Joints.","author":"Hansen, ST","year":"2000","unstructured":"Hansen, ST\n          . : \u201cPost Traumatic Degenerative Problems of the Joints. ,\u201d inFunctional Reconstruction of the Foot and Ankle. , edited byHansen, ST. , p157. ,Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. ,Philadelphia. ,2000. ."},{"key":"b53-1020319","series-title":"Am Museum Novitates","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1206\/0003-0082(2000)288<0001:TONOHG>2.0.CO;2","article-title":"The Os navicular of humans, great apes, OH 8, Hadar, and Oreopithecus: function, phylogeny, and multivariate analyses.","volume":"3288","author":"Sarmiento, EE","year":"2000","unstructured":"Sarmiento, EE\n          . :The Os navicular of humans, great apes, OH 8, Hadar, and Oreopithecus: function, phylogeny, and multivariate analyses. .Am Museum Novitates3288::2. ,2000. .10.1206\/0003-0082(2000)288<0001:TONOHG>2.0.CO;2"},{"key":"b54-1020319","series-title":"N Engl J Med","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"353","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM193602202140804","article-title":"Foot statics and surgery.","volume":"214","author":"Cotton, FJ","year":"1936","unstructured":"Cotton, FJ\n          . :Foot statics and surgery. .N Engl J Med214::353. ,1936. .10.1056\/NEJM193602202140804"},{"key":"b55-1020319","series-title":"Clin Orthop Relat Res","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.1097\/00003086-199507000-00022","article-title":"Dynamic support of the human longitudinal arch: a biomechanical evaluation.","volume":"316","author":"Thordarson, DB","year":"1995","unstructured":"Thordarson, DB, HSchmotzer, JChon, et al. :Dynamic support of the human longitudinal arch: a biomechanical evaluation. .Clin Orthop Relat Res316::165. ,1995. .10.1097\/00003086-199507000-00022"},{"key":"b56-1020319","series-title":"Arch Intern Med","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1056","DOI":"10.1001\/archinte.1936.00170090221018","article-title":"The human foot: its evolution, physiology, functional disorders.","volume":"57","author":"Morton, D","year":"1936","unstructured":"Morton, D\n          . :The human foot: its evolution, physiology, functional disorders. .Arch Intern Med57::1056. ,1936. .10.1001\/archinte.1936.00170090221018"},{"key":"b57-1020319","series-title":"Postgrad Med","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"174","DOI":"10.1080\/00325481.1984.11698000","article-title":"Hallux valgus: causes evaluation, and treatment.","volume":"75","author":"Coughlin, MJ","year":"1984","unstructured":"Coughlin, MJ\n          . :Hallux valgus: causes evaluation, and treatment. .Postgrad Med75::174. ,1984. .670952710.1080\/00325481.1984.11698000"},{"key":"b58-1020319","series-title":"Clin Orthop Relat Res","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1097\/00003086-198106000-00008","article-title":"Hallux valgus: etiology, anatomy, treatment and surgical considerations.","volume":"157","author":"Mann, RA","year":"1981","unstructured":"Mann, RA and MJCoughlin. :Hallux valgus: etiology, anatomy, treatment and surgical considerations. .Clin Orthop Relat Res157::31. ,1981. .10.1097\/00003086-198106000-00008"},{"key":"b59-1020319","series-title":"Orthop Clin North Am","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1016\/S0030-5898(20)31240-2","article-title":"Hallux valgus: a review of etiologic factors.","volume":"5","author":"Inman, VT","year":"1974","unstructured":"Inman, VT\n          . :Hallux valgus: a review of etiologic factors. .Orthop Clin North Am5::59. ,1974. .10.1016\/S0030-5898(20)31240-24809546"},{"key":"b60-1020319","series-title":"Foot Ankle Int","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1177\/107110079401500103","article-title":"Clinical, quantitative assessment of first tarsometatarsal mobility in sagittal plane and its relation to hallux valgus deformity.","volume":"15","author":"Klaue, K","year":"1994","unstructured":"Klaue, K, STHansen, and ACMasquelet. :Clinical, quantitative assessment of first tarsometatarsal mobility in sagittal plane and its relation to hallux valgus deformity. .Foot Ankle Int15::9. ,1994. .798180010.1177\/107110079401500103"},{"key":"b61-1020319","series-title":"Am J Phys Anthropol","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"373","DOI":"10.1002\/ajpa.10163","article-title":"Dynamic plantar pressure distribution during terrestrial locomotion in bonobos (Pan paniscus).","volume":"120","author":"Vereecke, EE","year":"2003","unstructured":"Vereecke, EE, KD\u2019Aout, DDe Clercq, et al. :Dynamic plantar pressure distribution during terrestrial locomotion in bonobos (Pan paniscus). .Am J Phys Anthropol120::373. ,2003. .10.1002\/ajpa.1016312627532"},{"key":"b62-1020319","series-title":"J Hum Evol","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"259","DOI":"10.1006\/jhev.1993.1021","article-title":"The origin of habitual terrestrial bipedalism in the ancestor of the Hominidae.","volume":"24","author":"Jablonski, NG","year":"1993","unstructured":"Jablonski, NG and GChaplin. :The origin of habitual terrestrial bipedalism in the ancestor of the Hominidae. .J Hum Evol24::259. ,1993. .10.1006\/jhev.1993.1021"}],"container-title":["Journal of the American Podiatric Medical Association"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/japmaonline.org\/view\/journals\/apms\/102\/4\/1020319.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/meridian.allenpress.com\/japma\/article-pdf\/102\/4\/319\/2000303\/1020319.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/japmaonline.org\/downloadpdf\/journals\/apms\/102\/4\/1020319.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/japmaonline.org\/downloadpdf\/journals\/apms\/102\/4\/1020319.xml","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,8]],"date-time":"2026-07-08T10:12:17Z","timestamp":1783505537000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1930-8264\/102\/4\/319"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2012,7]]},"references-count":62,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4"},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7547\/1020319","relation":{},"ISSN":["8750-7315","1930-8264"],"issn-type":[{"value":"8750-7315","type":"print"},{"value":"1930-8264","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2012,7]]}}}