{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,8]],"date-time":"2026-07-08T11:13:19Z","timestamp":1783509199143,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":44,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2017,1,1]]},"abstract":"\n \n Background:<\/jats:title>\n A talus control foot orthosis (TCFO) combines an inverted rigid foot orthosis (RFO) with a broad upright portion that rises well above the navicular to cover and protect the talonavicular joint. We sought to identify the therapeutic effect of TCFOs in children with flexible flatfoot.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Methods:<\/jats:title>\n Flexible flatfoot was diagnosed in 40 children when either of the feet had greater than 4\u00b0 valgus of resting calcaneal stance position (RCSP) angle and one of the radiographic indicators was greater than 30\u00b0 in anteroposterior talocalcaneal angles, 45\u00b0 in lateral talocalcaneal angles, and 4\u00b0 in lateral talometatarsal angles and less than 10\u00b0 of calcaneal pitch in barefoot radiographs. Of 40 children with flexible flatfoot, 20 were fitted with a pair of RFOs and 20 with TCFOs, randomly. Follow-up clinical and radiographic measurements were completed 12 months later.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Results:<\/jats:title>\n All of the radiographic indicators changed toward the corrective direction in both groups. There were significant improvements in calcaneal pitch and RCSP in both groups (P < .05). In the TCFO group, the anteroposterior talocalcaneal angle and the RCSP showed statistically significant improvement compared with the RFO group.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Conclusions:<\/jats:title>\n In this study, the TCFO was more effective than the RFO at treating children with flexible flatfoot.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.7547\/15-045","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,3,8]],"date-time":"2017-03-08T10:26:16Z","timestamp":1488968776000},"page":"46-53","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":23,"title":["The Effects of Talus Control Foot Orthoses in Children with Flexible Flatfoot"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"107","author":[{"given":"So Young","family":"Ahn","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Chung Nam National University Hospital, Daejeon, Republic of Korea."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Soo Kyung","family":"Bok","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Chung Nam National University Hospital, Daejeon, Republic of Korea."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bong Ok","family":"Kim","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Chung Nam National University Hospital, Daejeon, Republic of Korea."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"In Sik","family":"Park","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","reference":[{"key":"ref381","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"800","DOI":"10.2106\/00004623-198971060-00002","article-title":"Corrective shoes and inserts as treatment for flexible flatfoot in infants and children","volume":"71","author":"Wenger","year":"1989","journal-title":"J Bone Joint Surg Am"},{"key":"ref191","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"549","DOI":"10.7547\/87507315-81-10-549","article-title":"Foot orthosis for the severe flatfoot in sports","volume":"81","author":"Blake","year":"1991","journal-title":"JAPMA"},{"key":"ref301","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"715","DOI":"10.3113\/FAI.2007.0715","article-title":"Randomized controlled trial of two types of in-shoe orthoses in children with flexible excess pronation of the feet","volume":"28","author":"Whitford","year":"2007","journal-title":"Foot Ankle Int"},{"key":"ref371","first-page":"995","article-title":"Radiologic measurement of flatfoot","volume":"24","author":"Kim","year":"2000","journal-title":"J Korean Acad Rehab Med"},{"key":"ref421","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"275","DOI":"10.7547\/87507315-76-5-275","article-title":"Inverted functional orthosis","volume":"76","author":"Blake","year":"1986","journal-title":"JAPMA"},{"key":"ref221","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1177\/107110070002100111","article-title":"Painful idiopathic rigid flatfoot in children and adolescents","volume":"21","author":"Luhmann","year":"2000","journal-title":"Foot Ankle Int"},{"key":"ref251","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"341","DOI":"10.1053\/j.jfas.2004.09.013","article-title":"Diagnosis and treatment of pediatric flatfoot","volume":"43","author":"Harris","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Foot Angle Surg"},{"key":"ref331","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.3109\/03093649809164454","article-title":"Biomechanical gait evaluation of the immediate effect of orthotic treatment for flexible flat foot","volume":"22","author":"Leung","year":"1998","journal-title":"Prosthet Orthot Int"},{"key":"ref391","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.1177\/107110078000100303","article-title":"Correction of hypermobile flatfoot in children by molded insert","volume":"1","author":"Bordelon","year":"1980","journal-title":"Foot Ankle"},{"key":"ref271","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.3113\/FAI.2008.0199","article-title":"Weightbearing CT scan of severe flexible pes planus deformities","volume":"29","author":"Ferri","year":"2008","journal-title":"Foot Ankle Int"},{"key":"ref321","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1053","DOI":"10.3113\/FAI.2007.1053","article-title":"Immediate effects of silicone insoles on gait patterns in patients with flexible flat foot","volume":"28","author":"Kulcu","year":"2007","journal-title":"Foot Ankle Int"},{"key":"ref31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"341","DOI":"10.1053\/j.jfas.2004.09.013","article-title":"Diagnosis and treatment of pediatric flatfoot","volume":"43","author":"Harris","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Foot Angle Surg"},{"key":"ref261","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"397","DOI":"10.1016\/S0891-8422(23)01136-9","article-title":"Risk factors that adversely modify the natural history of the pediatric pronated foot","volume":"17","author":"Napolitano","year":"2000","journal-title":"Clin Podiatr Med Surg"},{"key":"ref341","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"369","DOI":"10.5535\/arm.2014.38.3.369","article-title":"Effects of custom-made rigid foot orthosis on pes planus in children over 6 years old","volume":"38","author":"Bok","year":"2014","journal-title":"Ann Rehabil Med"},{"key":"ref141","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"261","DOI":"10.7547\/87507315-92-5-261","article-title":"A comparison of four methods of obtaining a negative impression of the foot","volume":"92","author":"Laughton","year":"2002","journal-title":"JAPMA"},{"key":"ref241","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1097\/01241398-199401000-00017","article-title":"Footprint analysis during growth period","volume":"14","author":"Volpon","year":"1994","journal-title":"J Pediatr Orthop"},{"key":"ref431","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"241","DOI":"10.1177\/107110078900900506","article-title":"Development of the child's arch","volume":"9","author":"Gould","year":"1989","journal-title":"Foot Ankle"},{"key":"ref81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"715","DOI":"10.3113\/FAI.2007.0715","article-title":"Randomized controlled trial of two types of in-shoe orthoses in children with flexible excess pronation of the feet","volume":"28","author":"Whitford","year":"2007","journal-title":"Foot Ankle Int"},{"key":"ref101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1053","DOI":"10.3113\/FAI.2007.1053","article-title":"Immediate effects of silicone insoles on gait patterns in patients with flexible flat foot","volume":"28","author":"Kulcu","year":"2007","journal-title":"Foot Ankle Int"},{"key":"ref281","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e84","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.103.6.e84","article-title":"Flexible flat feet in children: a real problem?","volume":"103","author":"Garcia-Rodriguez","year":"1999","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"ref111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.3109\/03093649809164454","article-title":"Biomechanical gait evaluation of the immediate effect of orthotic treatment for flexible flat foot","volume":"22","author":"Leung","year":"1998","journal-title":"Prosthet Orthot Int"},{"key":"ref51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.3113\/FAI.2008.0199","article-title":"Weightbearing CT scan of severe flexible pes planus deformities","volume":"29","author":"Ferri","year":"2008","journal-title":"Foot Ankle Int"},{"key":"ref181","first-page":"113","article-title":"Dynamic varus heel cup: a new orthosis for treating pes planovalgus","volume":"19","author":"Capasso","year":"1993","journal-title":"Ital J Orthop Traumatol"},{"key":"ref41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"397","DOI":"10.1016\/S0891-8422(23)01136-9","article-title":"Risk factors that adversely modify the natural history of the pediatric pronated foot","volume":"17","author":"Napolitano","year":"2000","journal-title":"Clin Podiatr Med Surg"},{"key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1097\/01241398-199401000-00017","article-title":"Footprint analysis during growth period","volume":"14","author":"Volpon","year":"1994","journal-title":"J Pediatr Orthop"},{"key":"ref91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"124","DOI":"10.1016\/S1067-2516(09)80035-5","article-title":"The dynamic stabilizing innersole system (DSIS): the management of hyperpronation in children","volume":"34","author":"Jay","year":"1995","journal-title":"J Foot Ankle Surg"},{"key":"ref131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"769","DOI":"10.1097\/01.bpo.0000173244.74065.e4","article-title":"Quantitative segmental analysis of weight-bearing radiographs of the foot and ankle for children: normal alignment","volume":"25","author":"Davids","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Pediatr Orthop"},{"key":"ref171","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.1177\/107110078000100303","article-title":"Correction of hypermobile flatfoot in children by molded insert","volume":"1","author":"Bordelon","year":"1980","journal-title":"Foot Ankle"},{"key":"ref01","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1177\/107110070002100111","article-title":"Painful idiopathic rigid flatfoot in children and adolescents","volume":"21","author":"Luhmann","year":"2000","journal-title":"Foot Ankle Int"},{"key":"ref121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"369","DOI":"10.5535\/arm.2014.38.3.369","article-title":"Effects of custom-made rigid foot orthosis on pes planus in children over 6 years old","volume":"38","author":"Bok","year":"2014","journal-title":"Ann Rehabil Med"},{"key":"ref291","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cpm.2009.09.002","article-title":"The natural history and pathophysiology of flexible flatfoot","volume":"27","author":"Harris","year":"2010","journal-title":"Clin Podiatr Med Surg"},{"key":"ref61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e84","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.103.6.e84","article-title":"Flexible flat feet in children: a real problem?","volume":"103","author":"Garcia-Rodriguez","year":"1999","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"ref151","first-page":"995","article-title":"Radiologic measurement of flatfoot","volume":"24","author":"Kim","year":"2000","journal-title":"J Korean Acad Rehab Med"},{"key":"ref71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cpm.2009.09.002","article-title":"The natural history and pathophysiology of flexible flatfoot","volume":"27","author":"Harris","year":"2010","journal-title":"Clin Podiatr Med Surg"},{"key":"ref201","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"275","DOI":"10.7547\/87507315-76-5-275","article-title":"Inverted functional orthosis","volume":"76","author":"Blake","year":"1986","journal-title":"JAPMA"},{"key":"ref311","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"124","DOI":"10.1016\/S1067-2516(09)80035-5","article-title":"The dynamic stabilizing innersole system (DSIS): the management of hyperpronation in children","volume":"34","author":"Jay","year":"1995","journal-title":"J Foot Ankle Surg"},{"key":"ref401","first-page":"113","article-title":"Dynamic varus heel cup: a new orthosis for treating pes planovalgus","volume":"19","author":"Capasso","year":"1993","journal-title":"Ital J Orthop Traumatol"},{"key":"ref411","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"549","DOI":"10.7547\/87507315-81-10-549","article-title":"Foot orthosis for the severe flatfoot in sports","volume":"81","author":"Blake","year":"1991","journal-title":"JAPMA"},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1147","DOI":"10.2106\/00004623-199908000-00010","article-title":"Subluxation of talocalcaneal joint in adults who have symptomatic flatfoot","volume":"81","author":"Ananthkrishnan","year":"1999","journal-title":"J Bone Joint Surg Am"},{"key":"ref211","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"241","DOI":"10.1177\/107110078900900506","article-title":"Development of the child's arch","volume":"9","author":"Gould","year":"1989","journal-title":"Foot Ankle"},{"key":"ref231","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1147","DOI":"10.2106\/00004623-199908000-00010","article-title":"Subluxation of talocalcaneal joint in adults who have symptomatic flatfoot","volume":"81","author":"Ananthkrishnan","year":"1999","journal-title":"J Bone Joint Surg Am"},{"key":"ref351","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"769","DOI":"10.1097\/01.bpo.0000173244.74065.e4","article-title":"Quantitative segmental analysis of weight-bearing radiographs of the foot and ankle for children: normal alignment","volume":"25","author":"Davids","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Pediatr Orthop"},{"key":"ref361","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"261","DOI":"10.7547\/87507315-92-5-261","article-title":"A comparison of four methods of obtaining a negative impression of the foot","volume":"92","author":"Laughton","year":"2002","journal-title":"JAPMA"},{"key":"ref161","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"800","DOI":"10.2106\/00004623-198971060-00002","article-title":"Corrective shoes and inserts as treatment for flexible flatfoot in infants and children","volume":"71","author":"Wenger","year":"1989","journal-title":"J Bone Joint Surg Am"}],"container-title":["Journal of the American Podiatric Medical Association"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/meridian.allenpress.com\/japma\/article-pdf\/107\/1\/46\/1606606\/15-045.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"http:\/\/meridian.allenpress.com\/japma\/article-pdf\/107\/1\/46\/1606606\/15-045.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,8]],"date-time":"2026-07-08T10:13:23Z","timestamp":1783505603000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1930-8264\/107\/1\/46"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2017,1,1]]},"references-count":44,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2017,1,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7547\/15-045","relation":{},"ISSN":["8750-7315","1930-8264"],"issn-type":[{"value":"8750-7315","type":"print"},{"value":"1930-8264","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2017,1,1]]}}}