{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,8]],"date-time":"2026-07-08T11:14:05Z","timestamp":1783509245943,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":64,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,1]]},"abstract":"\n Background:<\/jats:title>\n A kinetic change in the foot such as altered plantar pressure is the most common etiological risk factor for foot ulcers in people with diabetes mellitus. Kinematic alterations in joint angle and spatiotemporal parameters of gait have also been frequently observed in participants with diabetic peripheral neuropathy (DPN). Diabetic peripheral neuropathy leads to various microvascular and macrovascular complications of the foot in type 2 diabetes mellitus. There is a gap in the literature for biomechanical evaluation and assessment of type 2 diabetes mellitus with DPN in the Indian population. We sought to assess and determine the biomechanical changes, including kinetics and kinematics, of the foot in DPN.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Methods:<\/jats:title>\n This cross-sectional study was conducted at a diabetic foot clinic in India. Using the purposive sampling method, 120 participants with type 2 diabetes mellitus and DPN were recruited. Participants with active ulceration or amputation were excluded.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Results:<\/jats:title>\n \n The mean \u00b1 SD age, height, weight, body mass index, and diabetes duration were 57 \u00b1 14 years, 164 \u00b1 11 cm, 61 \u00b1 18 kg, 24 \u00b1 3 kg\/m\n 2<\/jats:sup>\n , and 12 \u00b1 7 years, respectively. There were significant changes in the overall biomechanical profile and clinical manifestations of DPN. The regression analysis showed statistical significance for dynamic maximum plantar pressure at the forefoot with age, weight, height, diabetes duration, body mass index, knee and ankle joint angle at toe-off, pinprick sensation, and ankle reflex (\n R<\/jats:italic>\n = 0.71,\n \n R\n 2<\/jats:sup>\n <\/jats:italic>\n = 0.55,\n F<\/jats:italic>\n 12,108<\/jats:sub>\n = 521.9 kPa;\n P<\/jats:italic>\n = .002).\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Conclusions:<\/jats:title>\n People with type 2 diabetes mellitus and DPN have significant changes in their foot kinetic and kinematic parameters. Therefore, they could be at higher risk for foot ulceration, with underlying neuropathy and biomechanically associated problems.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.7547\/17-059","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,2,1]],"date-time":"2018-02-01T12:50:43Z","timestamp":1517489443000},"page":"36-49","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Foot Kinetic and Kinematic Profile in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus with Peripheral Neuropathy"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"109","author":[{"given":"Animesh","family":"Hazari","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physiotherapy, School of Allied Health Sciences, Manipal University, Manipal, Karnataka, India."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Arun G.","family":"Maiya","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physiotherapy, School of Allied Health Sciences, Manipal University, Manipal, Karnataka, India."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"K.N.","family":"Shivashankara","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, Kasturba Medical College, Manipal University, Manipal, Karnataka, India."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","reference":[{"key":"i8750-7315-109-1-36-b01","series-title":"Indian J Res Rep Med Sci","first-page":"3","article-title":"Diabetic complications leading to mortality","volume":"2","author":"Sasisekhar \n TV,","year":"2012","unstructured":"Sasisekhar \n TV, \n \n \n Alekhya \n Y, \n \n \n Jagadeesh \n CH, \n \n et al: \n Diabetic complications leading to mortality. 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