{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,2]],"date-time":"2026-09-02T02:19:27Z","timestamp":1788315567896,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":21,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec id=\"st1\">\n                    <jats:title>Background:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Diabetic foot ulcers (DFUs) are a major burden to patients and to the health-care systems of many countries. To prevent or treat ulcers more effectively, predictive biomarkers are needed. We examined temperature as a biomarker and as a causative factor in ulcer development.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"st2\">\n                    <jats:title>Methods:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Thirty-seven individuals with diabetes were enrolled in this observational case-control study: nine with diabetic neuropathy and ulcer history (DFU), 14 with diabetic neuropathy (DN), and 14 nonneuropathic control participants (DC). Resting barefoot plantar temperatures were recorded using an infrared thermal camera. Mean temperatures were determined in four anatomical regions\u2014hallux and medial, central, and lateral forefoot\u2014and separate linear models with specified contrasts among the DFU, DN, and DC groups were set to reveal mean differences for each foot region while controlling for group characteristics.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"st3\">\n                    <jats:title>Results:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The mean temperature reading in each foot region was higher than 30.0\u00b0C in the DFU and DN groups and lower than 30.0\u00b0C in the DC group. Mean differences were greatest between the DFU and DC groups, ranging from 3.2\u00b0C in the medial forefoot to 4.9\u00b0C in the hallux.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"st4\">\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Increased plantar temperatures in individuals with a history of ulcers may include acute temperature increases from plantar stresses, chronic inflammation from prolonged stresses, and impairment in temperature regulation from autonomic neuropathy. Diabetic foot temperatures, particularly in patients with previous ulcers, may easily reach hazard thresholds indicated by previous pressure ulcer studies. The results necessitate further exploration of temperature in the diabetic foot and how it may contribute to ulceration.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.7547\/17-131","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,11,14]],"date-time":"2018-11-14T12:45:56Z","timestamp":1542199556000},"page":"345-350","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":32,"title":["Temperature as a Causative Factor in Diabetic Foot Ulcers: A Call to Revisit Ulceration Pathomechanics"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"109","author":[{"given":"Metin","family":"Yavuz","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physical Therapy, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, TX. Drs. Yavuz and Ersen are now with the Department of Healthcare Sciences, Prosthetics and Orthotics Program, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ali","family":"Ersen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physical Therapy, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, TX. Drs. Yavuz and Ersen are now with the Department of Healthcare Sciences, Prosthetics and Orthotics Program, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jessica","family":"Hartos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physician Assistant, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, TX."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lawrence A.","family":"Lavery","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Plastic Surgery, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dane K.","family":"Wukich","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gordon B.","family":"Hirschman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Vivonics Inc and CranioSense, Bedford, MA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David G.","family":"Armstrong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Southwestern Academic Limb Salvage Alliance (SALSA) and Keck School of Medicine at the University of Southern California, Tucson, AZ."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Myla U.","family":"Quiben","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, TX."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Linda S.","family":"Adams","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, TX."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","reference":[{"key":"i8750-7315-109-5-345-b01","series-title":"Arch Phys Med Rehabil","first-page":"205","article-title":"Thermography: an aid in the management of insensitive feet and stumps","volume":"56","author":"Bergtholdt \n              HT,","year":"1975","unstructured":"Bergtholdt \n              HT, \n            \n            \n              Brand \n              PW: \n            \n          \n          Thermography: an aid in the management of insensitive feet and stumps. 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