{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,8]],"date-time":"2026-07-08T11:14:20Z","timestamp":1783509260064,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":26,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Retronychia is an uncommonly reported condition among the category of nail pathologies. It often presents mimicking similar nail disorders, such as onychocryptosis, onychomycosis, and paronychia. This pathologic condition has recently seen an increased presence in the literature, mainly in the form of case studies. Literature on retronychia was collected using PubMed, the US National Library of Medicine, the National Institutes of Health's online database, life science journals, and online books. References cited by these articles were also reviewed for additional relevant publications. Reviews, case studies, and retrospective articles were compiled and analyzed for commonalities in cause, patient demographics, clinical signs, and treatment. Retronychia may be more common than previously suggested. Proper knowledge and education of this pathologic nail condition is important to health-care professionals to achieve early and correct diagnosis.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.7547\/17-155","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,30]],"date-time":"2020-07-30T21:01:49Z","timestamp":1596142909000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Retronychia: A Literature Review"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"110","author":[{"given":"Andrew S.","family":"Au","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wai Y.","family":"Leung","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David","family":"Tran","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","reference":[{"key":"i8750-7315-110-3-Article_9-b01","series-title":"J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol","first-page":"S126","article-title":"Retronychia-proximal ingrowing nail","volume":"12","author":"de Berker","year":"1999","unstructured":"de Berker\n              DAR\n            \n            \n              Rendall\n              JRS:\n            \n          \n          Retronychia-proximal ingrowing nail.\n\t\t\t\t\tJ Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol12: S126,\n\t\t\t\t\t1999."},{"key":"i8750-7315-110-3-Article_9-b02","series-title":"Korean J Fam Med","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.4082\/kjfm.2015.36.2.113","article-title":"Great toenail dystrophy: a single-center experience and review of the literature","volume":"36","author":"Kim","year":"2015","unstructured":"Kim\n              M\n            \n            \n              Kang\n              JH\n            \n            \n              Cho\n              BK\n            \n            :\n\t\t\t\t\t\n          Great toenail dystrophy: a single-center experience and review of the literature.\n\t\t\t\t\tKorean J Fam Med36: 113,\n\t\t\t\t\t2015.\n\t\t\t\t10.4082\/kjfm.2015.36.2.11325802692"},{"key":"i8750-7315-110-3-Article_9-b03","series-title":"J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1111\/jdv.13342","article-title":"Retronychia: clinical and pathophysiological aspects","volume":"30","author":"Ventura","year":"2016","unstructured":"Ventura\n              F\n            \n            \n              Correia\n              O\n            \n            \n              Duarte\n              AF\n            \n            :\n\t\t\t\t\t\n          Retronychia: clinical and pathophysiological aspects.\n\t\t\t\t\tJ Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol30: 16,\n\t\t\t\t\t2016.\n\t\t\t\t2643547610.1111\/jdv.13342"},{"key":"i8750-7315-110-3-Article_9-b04","series-title":"Indian J Dermatol Venereol Leprol","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"299","DOI":"10.4103\/0378-6323.95444","article-title":"Nail avulsion: indications and methods (surgical nail avulsion)","volume":"78","author":"Pandhi","year":"2012","unstructured":"Pandhi\n              D\n            \n            \n              Verma\n              P:\n            \n          \n          Nail avulsion: indications and methods (surgical nail avulsion).\n\t\t\t\t\tIndian J Dermatol Venereol Leprol78: 299,\n\t\t\t\t\t2012.\n\t\t\t\t10.4103\/0378-6323.9544422565429"},{"key":"i8750-7315-110-3-Article_9-b05","series-title":"Presse Med","first-page":"1216","article-title":"Paronychia [in French]","volume":"43","author":"Duhard","year":"2014","unstructured":"Duhard\n              E:\n            \n          \n          Paronychia [in French].\n\t\t\t\t\tPresse Med43: 1216,\n\t\t\t\t\t2014.\n\t\t\t\t25441843"},{"key":"i8750-7315-110-3-Article_9-b06","series-title":"Skinmed","first-page":"217","article-title":"Asymmetric gait nail unit syndrome: the most common worldwide toenail abnormality and onychomycosis","volume":"12","author":"Zaias","year":"2014","unstructured":"Zaias\n              N\n            \n            \n              Rebell\n              G\n            \n            \n              Escovar\n              S:\n            \n          \n          Asymmetric gait nail unit syndrome: the most common worldwide toenail abnormality and onychomycosis.\n\t\t\t\t\tSkinmed12: 217,\n\t\t\t\t\t2014.\n\t\t\t\t25335350"},{"key":"i8750-7315-110-3-Article_9-b07","series-title":"J Am Acad Dermatol","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"849","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2015.08.003","article-title":"Beau lines, onychomadesis, and retronychia: a unifying hypothesis","volume":"73","author":"Braswell","year":"2015","unstructured":"Braswell\n              MA\n            \n            \n              Daniel\n              CR\n            \n            \n              Brodell\n              RT:\n            \n          \n          Beau lines, onychomadesis, and retronychia: a unifying hypothesis.\n\t\t\t\t\tJ Am Acad Dermatol73: 849,\n\t\t\t\t\t2015.\n\t\t\t\t10.1016\/j.jaad.2015.08.00326475537"},{"key":"i8750-7315-110-3-Article_9-b08","series-title":"Ann Dermatol Venereol","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"799","DOI":"10.1016\/j.annder.2014.09.027","article-title":"Retronychia","volume":"141","author":"Richert","year":"2014","unstructured":"Richert\n              B\n            \n            \n              Caucanas\n              M\n            \n            \n              Andre\n              J:\n            \n          \n          Retronychia.\n\t\t\t\t\tAnn Dermatol Venereol141: 799,\n\t\t\t\t\t2014.\n\t\t\t\t10.1016\/j.annder.2014.09.02725433936"},{"key":"i8750-7315-110-3-Article_9-b09","series-title":"Dermatol Clin","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"207","DOI":"10.1016\/j.det.2014.12.004","article-title":"Diagnosis using the proximal and lateral nail folds","volume":"33","author":"Chang","year":"2015","unstructured":"Chang\n              P:\n            \n          \n          Diagnosis using the proximal and lateral nail folds.\n\t\t\t\t\tDermatol Clin33: 207,\n\t\t\t\t\t2015.\n\t\t\t\t2582871310.1016\/j.det.2014.12.004"},{"key":"i8750-7315-110-3-Article_9-b10","series-title":"J Am Acad Dermatol","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1051","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2007.12.038","article-title":"Retronychia: report of two cases","volume":"58","author":"Dahdah","year":"2008","unstructured":"Dahdah\n              MJ\n            \n            \n              Kibbi\n              AG\n            \n            \n              Ghosn\n              S:\n            \n          \n          Retronychia: report of two cases.\n\t\t\t\t\tJ Am Acad Dermatol58: 1051,\n\t\t\t\t\t2008.\n\t\t\t\t10.1016\/j.jaad.2007.12.03818313172"},{"key":"i8750-7315-110-3-Article_9-b11","series-title":"J Am Acad Dermatol","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"978","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2008.01.013","article-title":"Retronychia: proximal ingrowing of the nail plate","volume":"58","author":"de Berker","year":"2008","unstructured":"de Berker\n              DA\n            \n            \n              Richert\n              B\n            \n            \n              Duhard\n              E\n            \n            :\n\t\t\t\t\t\n          Retronychia: proximal ingrowing of the nail plate.\n\t\t\t\t\tJ Am Acad Dermatol58: 978,\n\t\t\t\t\t2008.\n\t\t\t\t1837501610.1016\/j.jaad.2008.01.013"},{"key":"i8750-7315-110-3-Article_9-b12","series-title":"Dermatol Surg","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1610","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1524-4725.2010.01693.x","article-title":"Retronychia: diagnosis and treatment","volume":"36","author":"Baumgartner","year":"2010","unstructured":"Baumgartner\n              M\n            \n            \n              Haneke\n              E:\n            \n          \n          Retronychia: diagnosis and treatment.\n\t\t\t\t\tDermatol Surg36: 1610,\n\t\t\t\t\t2010.\n\t\t\t\t2072265510.1111\/j.1524-4725.2010.01693.x"},{"key":"i8750-7315-110-3-Article_9-b13","series-title":"Ann Dermatol Venereol","first-page":"645","article-title":"Ingrown nail: a new cause of chronic perionyxis","volume":"137","author":"Chiheb","year":"2010","unstructured":"Chiheb\n              S\n            \n            \n              Richert\n              B\n            \n            \n              Belyamani\n              S\n            \n            :\n\t\t\t\t\t\n          Ingrown nail: a new cause of chronic perionyxis.\n\t\t\t\t\tAnn Dermatol Venereol137: 645,\n\t\t\t\t\t2010.\n\t\t\t\t20932446"},{"key":"i8750-7315-110-3-Article_9-b14","series-title":"Dermatol Surg","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1615","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1524-4725.2010.01694.x","article-title":"Anatomical changes in retronychia and onychomadesis detected using ultrasound","volume":"36","author":"Wortsman","year":"2010","unstructured":"Wortsman\n              X\n            \n            \n              Wortsman\n              J\n            \n            \n              Guerrero\n              R\n            \n            :\n\t\t\t\t\t\n          Anatomical changes in retronychia and onychomadesis detected using ultrasound.\n\t\t\t\t\tDermatol Surg36: 1615,\n\t\t\t\t\t2010.\n\t\t\t\t2084049610.1111\/j.1524-4725.2010.01694.x"},{"key":"i8750-7315-110-3-Article_9-b15","series-title":"Dermatol Online J","first-page":"9","article-title":"Retronychia: a rare cause of chronic paronychia","volume":"18","author":"Zaraa","year":"2012","unstructured":"Zaraa\n              I\n            \n            \n              Kort\n              R\n            \n            \n              Mokni\n              M\n            \n            :\n\t\t\t\t\t\n          Retronychia: a rare cause of chronic paronychia.\n\t\t\t\t\tDermatol Online J18: 9,\n\t\t\t\t\t2012.\n\t\t\t\t22747933"},{"key":"i8750-7315-110-3-Article_9-b16","series-title":"J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"254","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1468-3083.2011.04068.x","article-title":"Finger retronychias detected early by 3D ultrasound examination","volume":"26","author":"Wortsman","year":"2012","unstructured":"Wortsman\n              X\n            \n            \n              Calderon\n              P\n            \n            \n              Baran\n              R:\n            \n          \n          Finger retronychias detected early by 3D ultrasound examination.\n\t\t\t\t\tJ Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol26: 254,\n\t\t\t\t\t2012.\n\t\t\t\t10.1111\/j.1468-3083.2011.04068.x21623926"},{"key":"i8750-7315-110-3-Article_9-b17","series-title":"Eur J Dermatol","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"882","DOI":"10.1684\/ejd.2013.2226","article-title":"Retronychia: four new cases","volume":"23","author":"Reigneau","year":"2013","unstructured":"Reigneau\n              M\n            \n            \n              Pouaha\n              J\n            \n            \n              Truchetet\n              F:\n            \n          \n          Retronychia: four new cases.\n\t\t\t\t\tEur J Dermatol23: 882,\n\t\t\t\t\t2013.\n\t\t\t\t2433424410.1684\/ejd.2013.2226"},{"key":"i8750-7315-110-3-Article_9-b18","series-title":"Dermatol Rev Mex","first-page":"264","article-title":"Retronychia [in Spanish]","volume":"57","author":"Chang","year":"2013","unstructured":"Chang\n              P\n            \n            \n              Rosales\n              D:\n            \n          \n          Retronychia [in Spanish].\n\t\t\t\t\tDermatol Rev Mex57: 264,\n\t\t\t\t\t2013."},{"key":"i8750-7315-110-3-Article_9-b19","series-title":"Presse Med","first-page":"1223","article-title":"Retronychias [in French]","volume":"43","author":"Fouilloux","year":"2014","unstructured":"Fouilloux\n              B:\n            \n          \n          Retronychias [in French].\n\t\t\t\t\tPresse Med43: 1223,\n\t\t\t\t\t2014.\n\t\t\t\t25312853"},{"key":"i8750-7315-110-3-Article_9-b20","series-title":"J Am Acad Dermatol","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"388","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2013.09.029","article-title":"Retronychia in children, adolescents, and young adults: a case series","volume":"70","author":"Piraccini","year":"2014","unstructured":"Piraccini\n              BM\n            \n            \n              Richert\n              B\n            \n            \n              de Berker\n              DA\n            \n            :\n\t\t\t\t\t\n          Retronychia in children, adolescents, and young adults: a case series.\n\t\t\t\t\tJ Am Acad Dermatol70: 388,\n\t\t\t\t\t2014.\n\t\t\t\t10.1016\/j.jaad.2013.09.029"},{"key":"i8750-7315-110-3-Article_9-b21","series-title":"Int J Dermatol","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e51","DOI":"10.1111\/ijd.12635","article-title":"Recognizing and treating retronychia","volume":"54","author":"Cabete","year":"2015","unstructured":"Cabete\n              J\n            \n            \n              Lencastre\n              A:\n            \n          \n          Recognizing and treating retronychia.\n\t\t\t\t\tInt J Dermatol54: e51,\n\t\t\t\t\t2015.\n\t\t\t\t2553441010.1111\/ijd.12635"},{"key":"i8750-7315-110-3-Article_9-b22","series-title":"Eur J Dermatol","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"377","DOI":"10.1684\/ejd.2016.2774","article-title":"Risk factors, clinical variants and therapeutic outcome of retronychia: a retrospective study of 18 patients","volume":"26","author":"Gerard","year":"2016","unstructured":"Gerard\n              E\n            \n            \n              Prevezas\n              C\n            \n            \n              Doutre\n              MS\n            \n            :\n\t\t\t\t\t\n          Risk factors, clinical variants and therapeutic outcome of retronychia: a retrospective study of 18 patients.\n\t\t\t\t\tEur J Dermatol26: 377,\n\t\t\t\t\t2016.\n\t\t\t\t10.1684\/ejd.2016.277427122126"},{"key":"i8750-7315-110-3-Article_9-b23","series-title":"Actas Dermosifiliogr","first-page":"e33","article-title":"Retronychia: a case report including ultrasound imaging and surgical treatment","volume":"107","author":"Alonso-Pacheco","year":"2016","unstructured":"Alonso-Pacheco\n              ML\n            \n            \n              de Miguel-Mendieta\n              E\n            \n            \n              Maseda-Pedrero\n              R\n            \n            :\n\t\t\t\t\t\n          Retronychia: a case report including ultrasound imaging and surgical treatment.\n\t\t\t\t\tActas Dermosifiliogr107: e33,\n\t\t\t\t\t2016.\n\t\t\t\t26925531"},{"key":"i8750-7315-110-3-Article_9-b24","series-title":"BMJ Case Rep","article-title":"Retronychia: clinical diagnosis and surgical treatment","author":"Campos","year":"2017","unstructured":"Campos\n              MA\n            \n            \n              Santos\n              A:\n            \n          \n          Retronychia: clinical diagnosis and surgical treatment.\n\t\t\t\t\tBMJ Case Rep[Published online ahead of print January 2,2017;\n\t\t\t\t\tdoi: 10.1136\/bcr-2016-218758].28043960"},{"key":"i8750-7315-110-3-Article_9-b25","series-title":"JAPMA","first-page":"253","article-title":"Posttraumatic retronychia of the foot with clinical and ultrasound correlation","volume":"107","author":"Pizarro","year":"2017","unstructured":"Pizarro\n              M\n            \n            \n              Pieressa\n              N\n            \n            \n              Wortsman\n              X:\n            \n          \n          Posttraumatic retronychia of the foot with clinical and ultrasound correlation.\n\t\t\t\t\tJAPMA107: 253,\n\t\t\t\t\t2017."},{"key":"i8750-7315-110-3-Article_9-b26","series-title":"Dermatol Online J","article-title":"Retronychia: an underdiagnosed disease","volume":"23:","author":"Robledo","year":"2017","unstructured":"Robledo\n              A\n            \n            \n              Godoy\n              E\n            \n            \n              Manrique\n              E\n            \n            :\n\t\t\t\t\t\n          Retronychia: an underdiagnosed disease.\n\t\t\t\t\tDermatol Online J23:2017."}],"container-title":["Journal of the American Podiatric Medical 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