{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,8]],"date-time":"2026-07-08T11:14:21Z","timestamp":1783509261854,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,3,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec id=\"st1\">\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Ankle dorsiflexion motion and plantarflexor stiffness measurement offer clinical insight into the assessment and treatment of musculoskeletal and neurologic disorders. We aimed to determine reliability and concurrent validity of an ankle arthrometer in quantifying dorsiflexion motion and plantarflexor stiffness.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"st2\">\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Ten healthy individuals were assessed for dorsiflexion motion and plantarflexor stiffness using an ankle arthrometer with a 6 degree-of-freedom kinematic linkage system and external strain gauge to apply dorsiflexion torque. Two investigators each performed five loads to the ankle at different combinations of loads (10 or 20 Nm), rates (2.5 or 5 Nm\/sec), and knee angles (10\u00b0 or 20\u00b0). Anteroposterior displacement and inversion-eversion rotation were also assessed with arthrometry, and functional dorsiflexion motion was assessed with the weightbearing lunge (WBL) test.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"st3\">\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Good-to-excellent intrarater reliability was observed for peak dorsiflexion (intraclass correlation coefficient [ICC][2,k] = 0.949\u20130.988) and plantarflexor stiffness (ICC[2,k] = 0.761\u20130.984). Interrater reliability was good to excellent for peak dorsiflexion (ICC[2,1] = 0.766\u20130.910) and poor to excellent for plantarflexor stiffness (ICC[2,1] = 0.275\u20130.914). Reliability was best for 20-Nm loads at 5 Nm\/sec. Strong correlations were observed between peak dorsiflexion and anteroposterior displacement (\n                      <jats:italic>r<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 0.666;\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 0.035) and WBL distance (\n                      <jats:italic>r<\/jats:italic>\n                      = -0.681;\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 0.036).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"st4\">\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Using an ankle arthrometer to assess peak dorsiflexion and plantarflexor stiffness seems reliable when performed to greater torques with faster speeds; and offers consistency with functional measures. Use of this readily available tool may benefit clinicians attempting to quantify equinus and dorsiflexion deficits in pathological populations.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.7547\/18-023","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,5]],"date-time":"2020-06-05T01:55:22Z","timestamp":1591322122000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Use of an Instrumented Ankle Arthrometer and External Strain Gauge to Assess Ankle Dorsiflexion Motion and Plantarflexor Stiffness"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"110","author":[{"given":"Alan R.","family":"Needle","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Health and Exercise Science, Appalachian State University, Boone, NC."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maurice K.","family":"McAlister","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Health and Exercise Science, Appalachian State University, Boone, NC."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zachary J.","family":"Felpel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Health and Exercise Science, Appalachian State University, Boone, NC."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jeffrey M.","family":"McBride","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Health and Exercise Science, Appalachian State University, Boone, NC."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","reference":[{"key":"i8750-7315-110-2-Article_4-b01","series-title":"JAPMA","first-page":"195","article-title":"Static ankle joint equinus: toward a standard definition and diagnosis","volume":"100","author":"Charles","year":"2010","unstructured":"Charles\n              J.\n            \n            \n              Scutter\n              SD.\n            \n            \n              Buckley\n              J.\n            \n          \n          Static ankle joint equinus: toward a standard definition and diagnosis.\n\t\t\t\t\tJAPMA100: \n\t\t\t\t\t195,\n\t\t\t\t\t2010."},{"key":"i8750-7315-110-2-Article_4-b02","series-title":"J Sci Med Sport","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"685","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsams.2008.07.003","article-title":"Dorsiflexion deficit during jogging with chronic ankle instability","volume":"12","author":"Drewes","year":"2009","unstructured":"Drewes\n              LK.\n            \n            \n              McKeon\n              PO.\n            \n            \n              Kerrigan\n              DC.\n            \n            :\n\t\t\t\t\t\n          Dorsiflexion deficit during jogging with chronic ankle instability.\n\t\t\t\t\tJ Sci Med Sport12: \n\t\t\t\t\t685,\n\t\t\t\t\t2009.\n\t\t\t\t10.1016\/j.jsams.2008.07.00318835218"},{"key":"i8750-7315-110-2-Article_4-b03","series-title":"J Sci Med Sport","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"574","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsams.2012.02.009","article-title":"Dorsiflexion and dynamic postural control deficits are present in those with chronic ankle instability","volume":"15","author":"Hoch","year":"2012","unstructured":"Hoch\n              MC.\n            \n            \n              Staton\n              GS.\n            \n            \n              Medina McKeon\n              JM.\n            \n            :\n\t\t\t\t\t\n          Dorsiflexion and dynamic postural control deficits are present in those with chronic ankle instability.\n\t\t\t\t\tJ Sci Med Sport15: \n\t\t\t\t\t574,\n\t\t\t\t\t2012.\n\t\t\t\t2257549810.1016\/j.jsams.2012.02.009"},{"key":"i8750-7315-110-2-Article_4-b04","series-title":"J Sport Rehabil","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"358","DOI":"10.1123\/jsr.18.3.358","article-title":"Changes in active ankle dorsiflexion range of motion after acute inversion ankle sprain","volume":"18","author":"Youdas","year":"2009","unstructured":"Youdas\n              JW.\n            \n            \n              McLean\n              TJ.\n            \n            \n              Krause\n              DA.\n            \n            :\n\t\t\t\t\t\n          Changes in active ankle dorsiflexion range of motion after acute inversion ankle sprain.\n\t\t\t\t\tJ Sport Rehabil18: \n\t\t\t\t\t358,\n\t\t\t\t\t2009.\n\t\t\t\t10.1123\/jsr.18.3.35819827500"},{"key":"i8750-7315-110-2-Article_4-b05","series-title":"J Athl Train","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"696","DOI":"10.4085\/1062-6050-48.4.11","article-title":"Therapeutic interventions for increasing ankle dorsiflexion after ankle sprain: a systematic review","volume":"48","author":"Terada","year":"2013","unstructured":"Terada\n              M.\n            \n            \n              Pietrosimone\n              BG.\n            \n            \n              Gribble\n              PA.\n            \n  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Avon)","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"917","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinbiomech.2012.06.010","article-title":"The effect of isolated gastrocnemius contracture and gastrocnemius recession on lower extremity kinematics and kinetics during stance","volume":"27","author":"Chimera","year":"2012","unstructured":"Chimera\n              NJ.\n            \n            \n              Castro\n              M.\n            \n            \n              Davis\n              I.\n            \n            :\n\t\t\t\t\t\n          The effect of isolated gastrocnemius contracture and gastrocnemius recession on lower extremity kinematics and kinetics during stance.\n\t\t\t\t\tClin Biomech (Bristol, Avon)27: \n\t\t\t\t\t917,\n\t\t\t\t\t2012.\n\t\t\t\t10.1016\/j.clinbiomech.2012.06.010"},{"key":"i8750-7315-110-2-Article_4-b08","series-title":"JAPMA","first-page":"59","article-title":"Clinical assessment of ankle joint dorsiflexion: a review of measurement techniques","volume":"101","author":"Gatt","year":"2011","unstructured":"Gatt\n              A.\n            \n            \n              Chockalingam\n              N.\n            \n          \n          Clinical assessment of ankle joint dorsiflexion: a review of measurement techniques.\n\t\t\t\t\tJAPMA101: \n\t\t\t\t\t59,\n\t\t\t\t\t2011."},{"key":"i8750-7315-110-2-Article_4-b09","series-title":"Foot Ankle Int","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"808","DOI":"10.1177\/107110079902001210","article-title":"Instrumented measurement of anteroposterior and inversion-eversion laxity of the normal ankle joint complex","volume":"20","author":"Kovaleski","year":"1999","unstructured":"Kovaleski\n              JE.\n            \n            \n              Gurchiek\n              LR.\n            \n            \n              Heitman\n              RJ.\n            \n            :\n\t\t\t\t\t\n          Instrumented measurement of anteroposterior and inversion-eversion laxity of the normal ankle joint complex.\n\t\t\t\t\tFoot Ankle Int20: \n\t\t\t\t\t808,\n\t\t\t\t\t1999.\n\t\t\t\t10.1177\/10711007990200121010609711"},{"key":"i8750-7315-110-2-Article_4-b10","series-title":"Scand J Med Sci Sports","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"737","DOI":"10.1111\/sms.12181","article-title":"Neuromechanical coupling in the regulation of muscle tone and joint stiffness","volume":"24","author":"Needle","year":"2014","unstructured":"Needle\n              AR.\n            \n            \n              Baumeister\n              J.\n            \n            \n              Kaminski\n              TW.\n            \n            :\n\t\t\t\t\t\n          Neuromechanical coupling in the regulation of muscle tone and joint stiffness.\n\t\t\t\t\tScand J Med Sci Sports24: \n\t\t\t\t\t737,\n\t\t\t\t\t2014.\n\t\t\t\t10.1111\/sms.1218125371932"},{"key":"i8750-7315-110-2-Article_4-b11","series-title":"Int J Sports Phys Ther","first-page":"279","article-title":"Reliability of three measures of ankle dorsiflexion range of motion","volume":"7","author":"Konor","year":"2012","unstructured":"Konor\n              MM.\n            \n            \n              Morton\n              S.\n            \n            \n              Eckerson\n              JM.\n            \n            :\n\t\t\t\t\t\n          Reliability of three measures of ankle dorsiflexion range of motion.\n\t\t\t\t\tInt J Sports Phys Ther7: \n\t\t\t\t\t279,\n\t\t\t\t\t2012.\n\t\t\t\t22666642"},{"key":"i8750-7315-110-2-Article_4-b12","series-title":"Man Ther","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"516","DOI":"10.1016\/j.math.2011.02.012","article-title":"Normative range of weight-bearing lunge test performance asymmetry in healthy adults","volume":"16","author":"Hoch","year":"2011","unstructured":"Hoch\n              MC.\n            \n            \n              McKeon\n              PO.\n            \n          \n          Normative range of weight-bearing lunge test performance asymmetry in healthy adults.\n\t\t\t\t\tMan Ther16: \n\t\t\t\t\t516,\n\t\t\t\t\t2011.\n\t\t\t\t10.1016\/j.math.2011.02.01221429784"},{"key":"i8750-7315-110-2-Article_4-b13","series-title":"Clin Biomech (Bristol, Avon)","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinbiomech.2005.08.012","article-title":"Comparison of triceps surae structural stiffness and material modulus across sex","volume":"21","author":"Blackburn","year":"2006","unstructured":"Blackburn\n              JT.\n            \n            \n              Padua\n              DA.\n            \n            \n              Weinhold\n              PS.\n            \n            :\n\t\t\t\t\t\n          Comparison of triceps surae structural stiffness and material modulus across sex.\n\t\t\t\t\tClin Biomech (Bristol, Avon)21: \n\t\t\t\t\t159,\n\t\t\t\t\t2006.\n\t\t\t\t10.1016\/j.clinbiomech.2005.08.012"},{"key":"i8750-7315-110-2-Article_4-b14","series-title":"Clin Biomech (Bristol, Avon)","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"205","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinbiomech.2012.11.008","article-title":"Dynamic joint stiffness and co-contraction in subjects after total knee arthroplasty","volume":"28","author":"McGinnis","year":"2013","unstructured":"McGinnis\n              K.\n            \n            \n              Snyder-Mackler\n              L.\n            \n            \n              Flowers\n              P.\n            \n            :\n\t\t\t\t\t\n          Dynamic joint stiffness and co-contraction in subjects after total knee arthroplasty.\n\t\t\t\t\tClin Biomech (Bristol, Avon)28: \n\t\t\t\t\t205,\n\t\t\t\t\t2013.\n\t\t\t\t10.1016\/j.clinbiomech.2012.11.008"},{"key":"i8750-7315-110-2-Article_4-b15","series-title":"J Sport Rehabil","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1123\/jsr.2015-0061","article-title":"The relationship between joint stiffness and muscle activity in unstable ankles and copers","volume":"26","author":"Needle","year":"2017","unstructured":"Needle\n              AR.\n            \n            \n              Kaminski\n              TW.\n            \n            \n              Baumeister\n              J.\n            \n            :\n\t\t\t\t\t\n          The relationship between joint stiffness and muscle activity in unstable ankles and copers.\n\t\t\t\t\tJ Sport Rehabil26: \n\t\t\t\t\t15,\n\t\t\t\t\t2017.\n\t\t\t\t2763285210.1123\/jsr.2015-0061"},{"key":"i8750-7315-110-2-Article_4-b16","series-title":"Prosthet Orthot Int","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"289","DOI":"10.1177\/0309364612465886","article-title":"Validity and reliability of a new ankle dorsiflexion measurement device","volume":"37","author":"Gatt","year":"2013","unstructured":"Gatt\n              A.\n            \n            \n              Chockalingam\n              N.\n            \n          \n          Validity and reliability of a new ankle dorsiflexion measurement device.\n\t\t\t\t\tProsthet Orthot Int37: \n\t\t\t\t\t289,\n\t\t\t\t\t2013.\n\t\t\t\t2321147110.1177\/0309364612465886"},{"key":"i8750-7315-110-2-Article_4-b17","series-title":"Foot Ankle Int","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"655","DOI":"10.1177\/107110070202300713","article-title":"The reliability of a new device designed to assess gastrocnemius contracture","volume":"23","author":"Greisberg","year":"2002","unstructured":"Greisberg\n              J.\n            \n            \n              Drake\n              J.\n            \n            \n              Crisco\n              J.\n            \n            :\n\t\t\t\t\t\n          The reliability of a new device designed to assess gastrocnemius contracture.\n\t\t\t\t\tFoot Ankle Int23: \n\t\t\t\t\t655,\n\t\t\t\t\t2002.\n\t\t\t\t1214677910.1177\/107110070202300713"},{"key":"i8750-7315-110-2-Article_4-b18","series-title":"Prosthet Orthot Int","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"478","DOI":"10.1177\/0309364611425696","article-title":"Design of a manual device to measure ankle joint stiffness and range of motion","volume":"35","author":"Kobayashi","year":"2011","unstructured":"Kobayashi\n              T.\n            \n            \n              Leung\n              AK.\n            \n            \n              Hutchins\n              SW.\n            \n          \n          Design of a manual device to measure ankle joint stiffness and range of motion.\n\t\t\t\t\tProsthet Orthot Int35: \n\t\t\t\t\t478,\n\t\t\t\t\t2011.\n\t\t\t\t10.1177\/030936461142569622013156"},{"key":"i8750-7315-110-2-Article_4-b19","series-title":"Foot Ankle Surg","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"274","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fas.2016.01.008","article-title":"A novel tool for measuring ankle dorsiflexion: a study of its reliability in patients following ankle fractures","volume":"22","author":"Larsen","year":"2016","unstructured":"Larsen\n              P.\n            \n            \n              Nielsen\n              HB.\n            \n            \n              Lund\n              C.\n            \n            :\n\t\t\t\t\t\n          A novel tool for measuring ankle dorsiflexion: a study of its reliability in patients following ankle fractures.\n\t\t\t\t\tFoot Ankle Surg22: \n\t\t\t\t\t274,\n\t\t\t\t\t2016.\n\t\t\t\t2781002810.1016\/j.fas.2016.01.008"},{"key":"i8750-7315-110-2-Article_4-b20","series-title":"Foot Ankle Int","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"202","DOI":"10.1177\/107110070602700309","article-title":"A mechanical equinometer to measure the range of motion of the ankle joint: interobserver and intraobserver reliability","volume":"27","author":"Meyer","year":"2006","unstructured":"Meyer\n              DC.\n            \n            \n              Werner\n              CM.\n            \n            \n             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\n\t\t\t\t\t467,\n\t\t\t\t\t2002.\n\t\t\t\t12937569"},{"key":"i8750-7315-110-2-Article_4-b22","series-title":"J Orthop Sports Phys Ther","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"274","DOI":"10.2519\/jospt.2011.3397","article-title":"A new device for assessing ankle dorsiflexion motion: reliability and validity","volume":"41","author":"Wilken","year":"2011","unstructured":"Wilken\n              J.\n            \n            \n              Rao\n              S.\n            \n            \n              Estin\n              M.\n            \n            :\n\t\t\t\t\t\n          A new device for assessing ankle dorsiflexion motion: reliability and validity.\n\t\t\t\t\tJ Orthop Sports Phys Ther41: \n\t\t\t\t\t274,\n\t\t\t\t\t2011.\n\t\t\t\t10.2519\/jospt.2011.339721460462"},{"key":"i8750-7315-110-2-Article_4-b23","series-title":"Aust J Physiother","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.1016\/S0004-9514(14)60377-9","article-title":"Intra-rater and inter-rater 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   CB.\n            \n            \n              Swanik\n              KA.\n            \n            :\n\t\t\t\t\t\n          Concurrent validity of the anterior drawer test and an arthrometer in evaluating ankle laxity.\n\t\t\t\t\tAthl Train Sports Health Care3: \n\t\t\t\t\t15,\n\t\t\t\t\t2011.\n\t\t\t\t10.3928\/19425864-20100630-06"},{"key":"i8750-7315-110-2-Article_4-b25","series-title":"J Chiropr Med","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcm.2016.02.012","article-title":"A guideline of selecting and reporting intraclass correlation coefficients for reliability research","volume":"15","author":"Koo","year":"2016","unstructured":"Koo\n              TK.\n            \n            \n              Li\n              MY.\n            \n          \n          A guideline of selecting and reporting intraclass correlation coefficients for reliability research.\n\t\t\t\t\tJ Chiropr Med15: \n\t\t\t\t\t155,\n\t\t\t\t\t2016.\n\t\t\t\t2733052010.1016\/j.jcm.2016.02.012"},{"key":"i8750-7315-110-2-Article_4-b26","series-title":"J Sport Rehabil","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"333","DOI":"10.1123\/jsr.20.3.333","article-title":"Measurement of ankle dorsiflexion: a comparison of active and passive techniques in multiple positions","volume":"20","author":"Krause","year":"2011","unstructured":"Krause\n              DA.\n            \n            \n              Cloud\n              BA.\n            \n            \n              Forster\n              LA.\n            \n            :\n\t\t\t\t\t\n          Measurement of ankle dorsiflexion: a comparison of active and passive techniques in multiple positions.\n\t\t\t\t\tJ Sport Rehabil20: \n\t\t\t\t\t333,\n\t\t\t\t\t2011.\n\t\t\t\t2182838510.1123\/jsr.20.3.333"},{"key":"i8750-7315-110-2-Article_4-b27","series-title":"Clin Biomech (Bristol, Avon)","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"514","DOI":"10.1016\/S0268-0033(01)00030-4","article-title":"Normative data for passive ankle plantarflexion: dorsiflexion flexibility","volume":"16","author":"Moseley","year":"2001","unstructured":"Moseley\n              AM.\n            \n            \n              Crosbie\n              J.\n            \n            \n              Adams\n              R.\n            \n          \n          Normative data for passive ankle plantarflexion: dorsiflexion flexibility.\n\t\t\t\t\tClin Biomech (Bristol, Avon)16: \n\t\t\t\t\t514,\n\t\t\t\t\t2001.\n\t\t\t\t10.1016\/S0268-0033(01)00030-4"},{"key":"i8750-7315-110-2-Article_4-b28","series-title":"J Athl Train","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"242","DOI":"10.4085\/1062-6050-43.3.242","article-title":"Knee and ankle position, anterior drawer laxity, and stiffness of the ankle complex","volume":"43","author":"Kovaleski","year":"2008","unstructured":"Kovaleski\n              JE.\n            \n            \n              Norrell\n              PM.\n            \n            \n              Heitman\n              RJ.\n            \n            :\n\t\t\t\t\t\n          Knee and ankle position, anterior drawer laxity, and stiffness of the ankle complex.\n\t\t\t\t\tJ Athl Train43: \n\t\t\t\t\t242,\n\t\t\t\t\t2008.\n\t\t\t\t1852357310.4085\/1062-6050-43.3.242"},{"key":"i8750-7315-110-2-Article_4-b29","series-title":"J Sport Rehabil","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"208","DOI":"10.1123\/jsr.12.3.208","article-title":"Reliability of intratester and intertester measurements derived from an instrumented ankle arthrometer","volume":"12","author":"Hubbard","year":"2003","unstructured":"Hubbard\n              TJ.\n            \n            \n              Kovaleski\n              JE.\n            \n            \n              Kaminski\n              TW.\n            \n          \n          Reliability of intratester and intertester measurements derived from an instrumented ankle arthrometer.\n\t\t\t\t\tJ Sport Rehabil12: \n\t\t\t\t\t208,\n\t\t\t\t\t2003.\n\t\t\t\t10.1123\/jsr.12.3.208"},{"key":"i8750-7315-110-2-Article_4-b30","series-title":"JAPMA","first-page":"338","article-title":"The design, development, and reliability testing of a new innovative device to measure ankle joint dorsiflexion","volume":"106","author":"Charles","year":"2016","unstructured":"Charles\n              J.\n            \n          \n          The design, development, and reliability testing of a new innovative device to measure ankle joint dorsiflexion.\n\t\t\t\t\tJAPMA106: \n\t\t\t\t\t338,\n\t\t\t\t\t2016."},{"key":"i8750-7315-110-2-Article_4-b31","series-title":"Phys Ther","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"672","DOI":"10.1093\/ptj\/68.5.672","article-title":"Goniometric reliability in a clinical setting: subtalar and ankle joint measurements","volume":"68","author":"Elveru","year":"1988","unstructured":"Elveru\n              RA.\n            \n            \n              Rothstein\n              JM.\n            \n            \n              Lamb\n              RL.\n            \n          \n          Goniometric reliability in a clinical setting: subtalar and ankle joint measurements.\n\t\t\t\t\tPhys Ther68: \n\t\t\t\t\t672,\n\t\t\t\t\t1988.\n\t\t\t\t10.1093\/ptj\/68.5.672"},{"key":"i8750-7315-110-2-Article_4-b32","series-title":"JAPMA","first-page":"348","article-title":"The biplane goniometer: a new device for measurement of ankle dorsiflexion","volume":"78","author":"Donnery","year":"1988","unstructured":"Donnery\n              J.\n            \n            \n              Spencer\n              RB.\n            \n          \n          The biplane goniometer: a new device for measurement of ankle dorsiflexion.\n\t\t\t\t\tJAPMA78: \n\t\t\t\t\t348,\n\t\t\t\t\t1988."},{"key":"i8750-7315-110-2-Article_4-b33","series-title":"J Rehabil Res Dev","first-page":"471","article-title":"Design and validation of an instrument package designed to increase the reliability of ankle range of motion measurements","volume":"38","author":"Weaver","year":"2001","unstructured":"Weaver\n              K.\n            \n            \n              Price\n              R.\n            \n            \n              Czerniecki\n              J.\n            \n            :\n\t\t\t\t\t\n          Design and validation of an instrument package designed to increase the reliability of ankle range of motion measurements.\n\t\t\t\t\tJ Rehabil Res Dev38: \n\t\t\t\t\t471,\n\t\t\t\t\t2001.\n\t\t\t\t11732825"},{"key":"i8750-7315-110-2-Article_4-b34","series-title":"J Rehabil Res Dev","first-page":"235","article-title":"Assessment of an electronic goniometer designed to measure equinus contracture","volume":"40","author":"Assal","year":"2003","unstructured":"Assal\n              M.\n            \n            \n              Shofer\n              JB.\n            \n            \n              Rohr\n              E.\n            \n            :\n\t\t\t\t\t\n          Assessment of an electronic goniometer designed to measure equinus contracture.\n\t\t\t\t\tJ Rehabil Res Dev40: \n\t\t\t\t\t235,\n\t\t\t\t\t2003.\n\t\t\t\t14582527"},{"key":"i8750-7315-110-2-Article_4-b35","series-title":"Int J Neurosci","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"435","DOI":"10.1080\/00207454.2017.1396219","article-title":"The relationship between the sensory responses to ankle-joint loading and corticomotor excitability","volume":"128","author":"Needle","year":"2018","unstructured":"Needle\n              AR.\n            \n            \n              Baumeister\n              J.\n            \n            \n              Farquhar\n              WB.\n            \n            et al.\n\t\t\t\t\t\n          The relationship between the sensory responses to ankle-joint loading and corticomotor excitability.\n\t\t\t\t\tInt J Neurosci128: \n\t\t\t\t\t435,\n\t\t\t\t\t2018.\n\t\t\t\t2905770110.1080\/00207454.2017.1396219"},{"key":"i8750-7315-110-2-Article_4-b36","series-title":"Physiother Can","first-page":"300","article-title":"Reliability of a torque motor system for measurement of passive ankle joint stiffness in control subjects","volume":"40","author":"Chesworth","year":"1988","unstructured":"Chesworth\n              BM.\n            \n            \n              Vandervoort\n              AA.\n            \n          \n          Reliability of a torque motor system for measurement of passive ankle joint stiffness in control subjects.\n\t\t\t\t\tPhysiother Can40: \n\t\t\t\t\t300,\n\t\t\t\t\t1988."},{"key":"i8750-7315-110-2-Article_4-b37","series-title":"Clin Neurophysiol","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1371","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinph.2011.11.001","article-title":"Assessment of a portable device for the quantitative measurement of ankle joint stiffness in spastic individuals","volume":"123","author":"Lorentzen","year":"2012","unstructured":"Lorentzen\n              J.\n            \n            \n              Grey\n              MJ.\n            \n            \n              Geertsen\n              SS.\n            \n            :\n\t\t\t\t\t\n          Assessment of a portable device for the quantitative measurement of ankle joint stiffness in spastic individuals.\n\t\t\t\t\tClin Neurophysiol123: \n\t\t\t\t\t1371,\n\t\t\t\t\t2012.\n\t\t\t\t10.1016\/j.clinph.2011.11.00122119175"},{"key":"i8750-7315-110-2-Article_4-b38","series-title":"Muscle Nerve","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"571","DOI":"10.1002\/mus.23791","article-title":"Influence of maximum range of motion and stiffness on the viscoelastic stretch response","volume":"48","author":"Sobolewski","year":"2013","unstructured":"Sobolewski\n              EJ.\n            \n            \n              Ryan\n              ED.\n            \n            \n              Thompson\n              BJ.\n            \n          \n          Influence of maximum range of motion and stiffness on the viscoelastic stretch response.\n\t\t\t\t\tMuscle Nerve48: \n\t\t\t\t\t571,\n\t\t\t\t\t2013.\n\t\t\t\t10.1002\/mus.2379123897658"},{"key":"i8750-7315-110-2-Article_4-b39","series-title":"J Sci Med Sport","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsams.2012.05.016","article-title":"Passive dorsiflexion stiffness is poorly correlated with passive dorsiflexion range of motion","volume":"16","author":"Whitting","year":"2013","unstructured":"Whitting\n              JW.\n            \n            \n              Steele\n              JR.\n            \n            \n              McGhee\n              DE.\n            \n            :\n\t\t\t\t\t\n          Passive dorsiflexion stiffness is poorly correlated with passive dorsiflexion range of motion.\n\t\t\t\t\tJ Sci Med Sport16: \n\t\t\t\t\t157,\n\t\t\t\t\t2013.\n\t\t\t\t2274323810.1016\/j.jsams.2012.05.016"},{"key":"i8750-7315-110-2-Article_4-b40","series-title":"Br J Sports Med","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"365","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsports-2013-092763","article-title":"The efficacy of manual joint mobilisation\/manipulation in treatment of lateral ankle sprains: a systematic review","volume":"48","author":"Loudon","year":"2014","unstructured":"Loudon\n              JK.\n            \n            \n              Reiman\n              MP.\n            \n            \n              Sylvain\n              J.\n            \n          \n          The efficacy of manual joint mobilisation\/manipulation in treatment of lateral ankle sprains: a systematic review.\n\t\t\t\t\tBr J Sports Med48: \n\t\t\t\t\t365,\n\t\t\t\t\t2014.\n\t\t\t\t10.1136\/bjsports-2013-09276323980032"}],"container-title":["Journal of the American Podiatric Medical 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