{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,8]],"date-time":"2026-07-08T11:14:28Z","timestamp":1783509268842,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":19,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,5]]},"abstract":"\n Background<\/jats:title>\n Many people experience gastrocnemius tightness. Few studies demonstrate the relationship between gastrocnemius tightness and forefoot pathology. This study aimed to define the association between intractable plantar keratosis of the second rocker (IPK2) (also known as well-localized IPK or discrete keratosis) and metatarsalgia.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Methods<\/jats:title>\n The Silfverski\u00f6ld (ST) and lunge (LT) tests, used for measuring ankle dorsiflexion, were applied to diagnose gastrocnemius tightness. An instrument for measuring accurate performance and the force to be applied (1.7\u20132.0 kg of force to the ankle dorsiflexion) complemented the ST for clinical diagnosis and to obtain repeatedly reliable results (the authors apply force manually, which is difficult to quantify accurately).<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Results<\/jats:title>\n \n Of 122 patients studied, 74 were used to devise a prediction model from a logistic regression analysis that determines the probability of presenting gastrocnemius tightness in each test (LT and ST) with the following variables: metatarsalgia, IPK2, and maximum static pressure (baropodometry). The IPK2 plays the principal role in predicting this pathology, with the highest Wald values (6.611 for LT and 5.063 for ST). Metatarsalgia induces a somewhat lower change (66.7% LT and 64.3% ST). The maximum pressure of the forefoot is equally significant (\n P<\/jats:italic>\n = .043 LT and\n P<\/jats:italic>\n = .025 ST), taking \u03b1 < .05 as the significance level.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n The results of this validation report confirm that a model composed of metatarsalgia, IPK2, and maximum pressure in static acts as a predictive method for gastrocnemius tightness.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.7547\/18-024","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,18]],"date-time":"2021-06-18T17:00:38Z","timestamp":1624035638000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["A Predictive Model for Gastrocnemius Tightness in Forefoot Pain and Intractable Plantar Keratosis of the Second Rocker"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"111","author":[{"given":"Mar Torres","family":"Cobacho","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jorge M.","family":"Barcia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Valent\u00edn","family":"Freij\u00f3-Guti\u00e9rrez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fernanda","family":"Caballero-G\u00f3mez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Javier","family":"Ferrer-Torregrosa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","reference":[{"key":"i8750-7315-111-3-Article_12-b01","series-title":"Rev Pie Tobillo","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1016\/S1697-2198(16)30051-9","article-title":"Gastrocnemios cortos","volume":"26","author":"Barouk","year":"2012","unstructured":"Barouk\n LS\n \n \n Barouk\n P:\n \n \n Gastrocnemios cortos.\n\t\t\t\t\tRev Pie Tobillo26: 7,\n\t\t\t\t\t2012.\n\t\t\t\t10.1016\/S1697-2198(16)30051-9"},{"key":"i8750-7315-111-3-Article_12-b02","series-title":"J Bone Joint Surg Am","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"962","DOI":"10.2106\/00004623-200206000-00010","article-title":"Isolated gastrocnemius tightness","volume":"84","author":"DiGiovanni","year":"2002","unstructured":"DiGiovanni\n CW\n \n \n Kuo\n R\n \n \n Tejwani\n N\n \n :\n \n Isolated gastrocnemius tightness.\n\t\t\t\t\tJ Bone Joint Surg Am84: 962,\n\t\t\t\t\t2002.\n\t\t\t\t1206333010.2106\/00004623-200206000-00010"},{"key":"i8750-7315-111-3-Article_12-b03","series-title":"Foot Ankle Int","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"202","DOI":"10.1177\/107110070602700309","article-title":"A mechanical equinometer to measure the range of motion of the ankle joint: interobserver and intraobserver reliability","volume":"27","author":"Meyer","year":"2006","unstructured":"Meyer\n DC\n \n \n Werner\n CM\n \n \n Wyss\n T\n \n :\n \n A mechanical equinometer to measure the range of motion of the ankle joint: interobserver and intraobserver reliability.\n\t\t\t\t\tFoot Ankle Int27: 202,\n\t\t\t\t\t2006.\n\t\t\t\t10.1177\/10711007060270030916539903"},{"key":"i8750-7315-111-3-Article_12-b04","series-title":"JAPMA","first-page":"195","article-title":"Static ankle joint equinus: toward a standard definition and diagnosis","volume":"100","author":"Charles","year":"2010","unstructured":"Charles\n J\n \n \n Scutter\n SD\n \n \n Buckley\n J:\n \n \n Static ankle joint equinus: toward a standard definition and diagnosis.\n\t\t\t\t\tJAPMA100: 195,\n\t\t\t\t\t2010."},{"key":"i8750-7315-111-3-Article_12-b05","series-title":"JAPMA","first-page":"159","article-title":"Gastrocnemius recession in the treatment of nonspastic ankle equinus: a retrospective study","volume":"79","author":"Downey","year":"1989","unstructured":"Downey\n MS\n \n \n Banks\n AS:\n \n \n Gastrocnemius recession in the treatment of nonspastic ankle equinus: a retrospective 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764,\n\t\t\t\t\t2011.\n\t\t\t\thttp:\/\/gateway.webofknowledge.com\/gateway\/Gateway.cgi?GWVersion=2&SrcApp=PARTNER_APP&SrcAuth=LinksAMR&KeyUT=WOS:000209391800016&DestLinkType=FullRecord&DestApp=ALL_WOS&UsrCustomerID=b7bc2757938ac7a7a821505f8243d9f3"},{"key":"i8750-7315-111-3-Article_12-b08","series-title":"J Sci Med Sport","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"618","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsams.2016.11.001","article-title":"Validity of clinical outcome measures to evaluate ankle range of motion during the weight-bearing lunge test","volume":"20","author":"Hall","year":"2017","unstructured":"Hall\n EA\n \n \n Docherty\n CL:\n \n \n Validity of clinical outcome measures to evaluate ankle range of motion during the weight-bearing lunge test.\n\t\t\t\t\tJ Sci Med Sport20: 618,\n\t\t\t\t\t2017.\n\t\t\t\t10.1016\/j.jsams.2016.11.001http:\/\/gateway.webofknowledge.com\/gateway\/Gateway.cgi?GWVersion=2&SrcApp=PARTNER_APP&SrcAuth=LinksAMR&KeyUT=WOS:000405255800002&DestLinkType=FullRecord&DestApp=ALL_WOS&UsrCustomerID=b7bc2757938ac7a7a821505f8243d9f328108266"},{"key":"i8750-7315-111-3-Article_12-b09","series-title":"Aust J Physiother","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.1016\/S0004-9514(14)60377-9","article-title":"Intra-rater and inter-rater reliability of a weight-bearing lunge measure of ankle dorsiflexion","volume":"44","author":"Bennell","year":"1998","unstructured":"Bennell\n KL\n \n \n Talbot\n RC\n \n \n Wajswelner\n H\n \n :\n \n Intra-rater and inter-rater reliability of a weight-bearing lunge measure of ankle dorsiflexion.\n\t\t\t\t\tAust J Physiother44: 175,\n\t\t\t\t\t1998.\n\t\t\t\t10.1016\/S0004-9514(14)60377-911676731"},{"key":"i8750-7315-111-3-Article_12-b10","series-title":"Tech Foot Ankle Surg","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1097\/00132587-200303000-00006","article-title":"Gastrocnemius recession","volume":"2","author":"Donley","year":"2003","unstructured":"Donley\n BG\n \n \n Pinney\n SJ\n \n \n Holmes\n J:\n \n \n Gastrocnemius recession.\n\t\t\t\t\tTech Foot Ankle Surg2: 35,\n\t\t\t\t\t2003.\n\t\t\t\t10.1097\/00132587-200303000-00006"},{"key":"i8750-7315-111-3-Article_12-b11","series-title":"Foot Ankle Clin","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"659","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fcl.2014.08.004","article-title":"Clinical diagnosis of gastrocnemius tightness","volume":"19","author":"Barouk","year":"2014","unstructured":"Barouk\n P\n \n \n Barouk\n LS:\n \n \n Clinical diagnosis of gastrocnemius tightness.\n\t\t\t\t\tFoot Ankle Clin19: 659,\n\t\t\t\t\t2014.\n\t\t\t\t2545671510.1016\/j.fcl.2014.08.004http:\/\/gateway.webofknowledge.com\/gateway\/Gateway.cgi?GWVersion=2&SrcApp=PARTNER_APP&SrcAuth=LinksAMR&KeyUT=WOS:000346687100008&DestLinkType=FullRecord&DestApp=ALL_WOS&UsrCustomerID=b7bc2757938ac7a7a821505f8243d9f3"},{"key":"i8750-7315-111-3-Article_12-b12","series-title":"Int Orthop","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1845","DOI":"10.1007\/s00264-013-2022-2","article-title":"Chronic plantar fasciitis: plantar fasciotomy versus gastrocnemius recession","volume":"37","author":"Monteagudo","year":"2013","unstructured":"Monteagudo\n M\n \n \n Maceira\n E\n \n \n Garcia-Virto\n V\n \n :\n \n Chronic plantar fasciitis: plantar fasciotomy versus gastrocnemius recession.\n\t\t\t\t\tInt Orthop37: 1845,\n\t\t\t\t\t2013.\n\t\t\t\t10.1007\/s00264-013-2022-2http:\/\/gateway.webofknowledge.com\/gateway\/Gateway.cgi?GWVersion=2&SrcApp=PARTNER_APP&SrcAuth=LinksAMR&KeyUT=WOS:000324074100026&DestLinkType=FullRecord&DestApp=ALL_WOS&UsrCustomerID=b7bc2757938ac7a7a821505f8243d9f323959221"},{"key":"i8750-7315-111-3-Article_12-b13","series-title":"JAPMA","first-page":"148","article-title":"Plantar epidermoid cyst as a possible cause of intractable plantar keratosis lesions","volume":"99","author":"Garcia Carmona","year":"2009","unstructured":"Garcia Carmona\n FJ\n \n \n Pascual Huerta\n J\n \n \n Hernandez Toledo\n J:\n \n \n Plantar epidermoid cyst as a possible cause of intractable plantar keratosis lesions.\n\t\t\t\t\tJAPMA99: 148,\n\t\t\t\t\t2009."},{"key":"i8750-7315-111-3-Article_12-b14","series-title":"JAPMA","first-page":"1","article-title":"Rotational equilibrium across the subtalar joint axis","volume":"79","author":"Kirby","year":"1989","unstructured":"Kirby\n KA:\n \n \n Rotational equilibrium across the subtalar joint axis.\n\t\t\t\t\tJAPMA79: 1,\n\t\t\t\t\t1989."},{"key":"i8750-7315-111-3-Article_12-b15","series-title":"JAPMA","first-page":"228","article-title":"Methods for determination of positional variations in the subtalar joint axis","volume":"77","author":"Kirby","year":"1987","unstructured":"Kirby\n KA:\n \n \n Methods for determination of positional variations in the subtalar joint axis.\n\t\t\t\t\tJAPMA77: 228,\n\t\t\t\t\t1987."},{"key":"i8750-7315-111-3-Article_12-b16","series-title":"JAPMA","first-page":"465","article-title":"Subtalar joint axis location and rotational equilibrium theory of foot function","volume":"91","author":"Kirby","year":"2001","unstructured":"Kirby\n KA:\n \n \n Subtalar joint axis location and rotational equilibrium theory of foot function.\n\t\t\t\t\tJAPMA91: 465,\n\t\t\t\t\t2001."},{"key":"i8750-7315-111-3-Article_12-b17","series-title":"J Sci Med Sport","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"392","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsams.2013.02.001","article-title":"The TiltMeter app is a novel and accurate measurement tool for the weight bearing lunge test","volume":"16","author":"Williams","year":"2013","unstructured":"Williams\n CM\n \n \n Caserta\n AJ\n \n \n Haines\n TP:\n \n \n The TiltMeter app is a novel and accurate measurement tool for the weight bearing lunge test.\n\t\t\t\t\tJ Sci Med Sport16: 392,\n\t\t\t\t\t2013.\n\t\t\t\t23491138http:\/\/gateway.webofknowledge.com\/gateway\/Gateway.cgi?GWVersion=2&SrcApp=PARTNER_APP&SrcAuth=LinksAMR&KeyUT=WOS:000325194800003&DestLinkType=FullRecord&DestApp=ALL_WOS&UsrCustomerID=b7bc2757938ac7a7a821505f8243d9f310.1016\/j.jsams.2013.02.001"},{"key":"i8750-7315-111-3-Article_12-b18","series-title":"Geomorphology","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"392","DOI":"10.1016\/j.geomorph.2005.12.003","article-title":"Prediction of landslide susceptibility using rare events logistic regression: a case-study in the Flemish Ardennes (Belgium)","volume":"76","author":"Van Den Eeckhaut","year":"2006","unstructured":"Van Den Eeckhaut\n M\n \n \n Vanwalleghem\n T\n \n \n Poesen\n J\n \n :\n \n Prediction of landslide susceptibility using rare events logistic regression: a case-study in the Flemish Ardennes (Belgium).\n\t\t\t\t\tGeomorphology76: 392,\n\t\t\t\t\t2006.\n\t\t\t\t10.1016\/j.geomorph.2005.12.003"},{"key":"i8750-7315-111-3-Article_12-b19","series-title":"Eng Geol","first-page":"392","article-title":"Landslide susceptibility mapping: a comparison of logistic regression and neutral networks methods in a medium scale study, Henkek region (Turkey)","volume":"79","author":"Yesilnacar","year":"2006","unstructured":"Yesilnacar\n E\n \n \n Topal\n T:\n \n \n Landslide susceptibility mapping: a comparison of logistic regression and neutral networks methods in a medium scale study, Henkek region (Turkey).\n\t\t\t\t\tEng Geol79: 392,\n\t\t\t\t\t2006."}],"container-title":["Journal 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