{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,21]],"date-time":"2026-10-21T23:01:18Z","timestamp":1792623678445,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":17,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,3,1]]},"abstract":"\n Background<\/jats:title>\n Hallux abducto valgus (HAV) is a frequently seen abnormality of the first metatarsophalangeal joint. Limited conservative treatment options exist, making surgery the only definitive treatment option for a mild to moderate deformity. Since initially published in 2008, treatment of HAV with botulinum toxin injection has evolved as a potentially effective modality as shown in several subsequent independent studies.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Methods<\/jats:title>\n Botulinum injection of two intrinsic foot muscles (extensor halluces brevis and flexor hallucis brevis) in addition to adductor hallucis under electrical stimulation is presented as an improvement to the original method.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Results<\/jats:title>\n The additional muscle injections of botulinum resulted in an further reduction of the HAV deformity and associated pain.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n A significant improvement to the injection paradigm developed the author may prove to be more effective in reducing the HAV deformity and its associated pain.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.7547\/18-132","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,5]],"date-time":"2020-06-05T01:49:44Z","timestamp":1591321784000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Nonsurgical Treatment for Hallux Abducto Valgus with Botulinum Toxin Type A"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"110","author":[{"given":"Philip Andrew","family":"Radovic","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Private practice, San Clemente, CA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","reference":[{"key":"i8750-7315-110-2-Article_6-b01","series-title":"Handbook of Botulinum Toxin Treatment","article-title":"\u201cBotulinum Neurotoxins: Origin, Structure, Molecular Actions and Antibodies,\u201d","author":"Hambleton","year":"1995","unstructured":"Hambleton\n P.\n \n \n Moore\n AP.\n \n \n \u201cBotulinum Neurotoxins: Origin, Structure, Molecular Actions and Antibodies,\u201d\n in\n \n Handbook of Botulinum Toxin Treatment\n \n , edited by\n \n \n Moore,\n AP\n \n \n p 16, Blackwell Science Ltd, Oxford, England,\n 1995."},{"key":"i8750-7315-110-2-Article_6-b02","series-title":"Botulinum and Tetanus Neurotoxins","article-title":"\u201cCurrent Concepts on the Mechanism of Action of Clostridial Neurotoxins,\u201d","author":"Simpson","year":"1993","unstructured":"Simpson\n LL.\n \n \n \u201cCurrent Concepts on the Mechanism of Action of Clostridial Neurotoxins,\u201d\n in\n \n Botulinum and Tetanus Neurotoxins\n \n , edited by\n \n \n Das Gupta,\n BR\n \n \n p 5, Plenum Press, New York,\n 1993."},{"key":"i8750-7315-110-2-Article_6-b03","series-title":"Ophthalmology","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"935","DOI":"10.1016\/S0161-6420(89)32776-X","article-title":"Management of strabismus with botulinum toxin A","volume":"96","author":"Biglan","year":"1989","unstructured":"Biglan\n AW.\n \n \n Burnstine\n RA.\n \n \n Rogers\n GL.\n \n :\n\t\t\t\t\t\n Management of strabismus with botulinum toxin A.\n\t\t\t\t\tOphthalmology96: \n\t\t\t\t\t935,\n\t\t\t\t\t1989.\n\t\t\t\t10.1016\/S0161-6420(89)32776-X"},{"key":"i8750-7315-110-2-Article_6-b04","series-title":"Am J Phys Med Rehabil","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"770","DOI":"10.1097\/00002060-200210000-00009","article-title":"Local botulinum toxin type A injections in the treatment of spastic toes","volume":"81","author":"Suputtitada","year":"2002","unstructured":"Suputtitada\n A.\n \n \n Local botulinum toxin type A injections in the treatment of spastic toes.\n\t\t\t\t\tAm J Phys Med Rehabil81: \n\t\t\t\t\t770,\n\t\t\t\t\t2002.\n\t\t\t\t1236211810.1097\/00002060-200210000-00009"},{"key":"i8750-7315-110-2-Article_6-b05","series-title":"Dermatol Surg","first-page":"1510","article-title":"Plantar hyperhidrosis and pitted keratolysis treated with botulinum toxin injection","volume":"30","author":"Tamura","year":"2004","unstructured":"Tamura\n BM.\n \n \n Cuce\n LC.\n \n \n Souza\n RL.\n \n :\n\t\t\t\t\t\n Plantar hyperhidrosis and pitted keratolysis treated with botulinum toxin injection.\n\t\t\t\t\tDermatol Surg30: \n\t\t\t\t\t1510,\n\t\t\t\t\t2004.\n\t\t\t\t15606827"},{"key":"i8750-7315-110-2-Article_6-b06","series-title":"Am J Phys Med Rehabil","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"649","DOI":"10.1097\/01.phm.0000176339.73591.d7","article-title":"Treatment of pain attributed to plantar fasciitis with botulinum toxin a: a short-term, randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind study","volume":"84","author":"Babcock","year":"2005","unstructured":"Babcock\n MS.\n \n \n Foster\n L.\n \n \n Pasquina\n P.\n \n :\n\t\t\t\t\t\n Treatment of pain attributed to plantar fasciitis with botulinum toxin a: a short-term, randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind study.\n\t\t\t\t\tAm J Phys Med Rehabil84: \n\t\t\t\t\t649,\n\t\t\t\t\t2005.\n\t\t\t\t10.1097\/01.phm.0000176339.73591.d716141740"},{"key":"i8750-7315-110-2-Article_6-b07","series-title":"JAPMA","first-page":"A1","article-title":"Nonsurgical treatment for hallux abducto valgus with botulinum toxin","volume":"98","author":"Radovic","year":"2008","unstructured":"Radovic\n P.\n \n \n Shah\n E.\n \n \n Nonsurgical treatment for hallux abducto valgus with botulinum toxin.\n\t\t\t\t\tJAPMA98: \n\t\t\t\t\tA1,\n\t\t\t\t\t2008."},{"issue":"(suppl 1)","key":"i8750-7315-110-2-Article_6-b08","series-title":"Clin Neurol Neurosurg","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S58","DOI":"10.1016\/S0303-8467(15)30014-7","article-title":"Botulinum toxin type A injections for patients with painful hallux valgus: a double-blind, randomized controlled study","volume":"129","author":"Wu","year":"2015","unstructured":"Wu\n KP.\n \n \n Chen\n CK.\n \n \n Lin\n SC.\n \n :\n\t\t\t\t\t\n Botulinum toxin type A injections for patients with painful hallux valgus: a double-blind, randomized controlled study.\n\t\t\t\t\tClin Neurol Neurosurg129(suppl 1): S58,\n\t\t\t\t\t2015.\n\t\t\t\thttp:\/\/gateway.webofknowledge.com\/gateway\/Gateway.cgi?GWVersion=2&SrcApp=PARTNER_APP&SrcAuth=LinksAMR&KeyUT=WOS:000375731800012&DestLinkType=FullRecord&DestApp=ALL_WOS&UsrCustomerID=b7bc2757938ac7a7a821505f8243d9f310.1016\/S0303-8467(15)30014-725683315"},{"key":"i8750-7315-110-2-Article_6-b09","series-title":"Med Res Arch","article-title":"Effective conservative treatment for managing painful hallux valgus","author":"Tang,","year":"2020","unstructured":"Tang,\n \n \n \n Chen\n JT.\n \n \n Chen\n CK.\n \n et al\n :\n\t\t\t\t\tEffective conservative treatment for managing painful hallux valgus.\n\t\t\t\t\tMed Res Arch4: October 2016. Available at https:\/\/journals.ke-i.org\/mra\/article\/view\/685. Accessed March 10,2020."},{"key":"i8750-7315-110-2-Article_6-b10","series-title":"Int J Phys Med Rehabil","first-page":"438","article-title":"Evaluation of the therapeutic effect of botulinum toxin A on hallux valgus deformity and pain","volume":"5","author":"Moghtaderi","year":"2017","unstructured":"Moghtaderi\n A.\n \n \n Dehghan\n F.\n \n \n Mousavizadeh\n A.\n \n :\n\t\t\t\t\t\n Evaluation of the therapeutic effect of botulinum toxin A on hallux valgus deformity and pain.\n\t\t\t\t\tInt J Phys Med Rehabil5: \n\t\t\t\t\t438,\n\t\t\t\t\t2017."},{"key":"i8750-7315-110-2-Article_6-b11","series-title":"J Neurol Sci","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jns.2005.04.017","article-title":"Expanding use of botulinum toxin","volume":"235","author":"Bhidayasiri","year":"2005","unstructured":"Bhidayasiri\n R.\n \n \n Truong\n DD.\n \n \n Expanding use of botulinum toxin.\n\t\t\t\t\tJ Neurol Sci235: \n\t\t\t\t\t1,\n\t\t\t\t\t2005.\n\t\t\t\t10.1016\/j.jns.2005.04.01715990116"},{"key":"i8750-7315-110-2-Article_6-b12","series-title":"Schmerz","first-page":"498","article-title":"Botulinum toxin A in orthopedic pain therapy","volume":"18","author":"Placzek","year":"2004","unstructured":"Placzek\n R.\n \n \n Sohling\n M.\n \n \n Gessler\n M.\n \n :\n\t\t\t\t\t\n Botulinum toxin A in orthopedic pain therapy.\n\t\t\t\t\tSchmerz18: \n\t\t\t\t\t498,\n\t\t\t\t\t2004.\n\t\t\t\t15586299"},{"issue":"(suppl 1)","key":"i8750-7315-110-2-Article_6-b13","series-title":"Headache","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S9","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1526-4610.43.7s.3.x","article-title":"Evidence for antinociceptive activity for botulinum toxin type A in pain management","volume":"43","author":"Aoki","year":"2003","unstructured":"Aoki\n KR.\n \n \n Evidence for antinociceptive activity for botulinum toxin type A in pain management.\n\t\t\t\t\tHeadache43(suppl 1): S9,\n\t\t\t\t\t2003.\n\t\t\t\t10.1046\/j.1526-4610.43.7s.3.x12887389"},{"key":"i8750-7315-110-2-Article_6-b14","series-title":"Am J Phys Med Rehabil","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"345","DOI":"10.1097\/01.PHM.0000064718.24109.26","article-title":"Muscle imbalance in hallux valgus: an electromyographic study","volume":"82","author":"Arinci","year":"2003","unstructured":"Arinci\n I.\n \n \n Genc\n H.\n \n \n Erdem\n HR.\n \n :\n\t\t\t\t\t\n Muscle imbalance in hallux valgus: an electromyographic study.\n\t\t\t\t\tAm J Phys Med Rehabil82: \n\t\t\t\t\t345,\n\t\t\t\t\t2003.\n\t\t\t\t1270427210.1097\/01.PHM.0000064718.24109.26"},{"key":"i8750-7315-110-2-Article_6-b15","series-title":"Clin Orthop Relat Res","first-page":"112","article-title":"Muscle in hallux valgus","volume":"232","author":"Hoffmeyer","year":"1988","unstructured":"Hoffmeyer\n P.\n \n \n Cox\n JN.\n \n \n Blanc\n Y.\n \n :\n\t\t\t\t\t\n Muscle in hallux valgus.\n\t\t\t\t\tClin Orthop Relat Res232: \n\t\t\t\t\t112,\n\t\t\t\t\t1988."},{"key":"i8750-7315-110-2-Article_6-b16","series-title":"Surgery of the Foot and Ankle","author":"Coughlin","year":"2007","unstructured":"Coughlin\n MJ.\n \n \n Mann\n RA.\n \n \n Saltzman\n CL\n \n :\n\t\t\t\t\tSurgery of the Foot and Ankle, 8th Ed, Mosby Elsevier, Philadelphia, PA,2007."},{"key":"i8750-7315-110-2-Article_6-b17","series-title":"Arch Phys Med Rehabil","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1303","DOI":"10.1016\/S0003-9993(98)90280-5","article-title":"Management of focal dystonia of extensor hallucis longus muscle with botulinum toxin injection: a case report","volume":"79","author":"Sherman","year":"1998","unstructured":"Sherman\n A.\n \n \n Willick\n S.\n \n \n Cardenas\n D.\n \n \n Management of focal dystonia of extensor hallucis longus muscle with botulinum toxin injection: a case report.\n\t\t\t\t\tArch Phys Med Rehabil79: \n\t\t\t\t\t1303,\n\t\t\t\t\t1998.\n\t\t\t\t977968910.1016\/S0003-9993(98)90280-5"}],"container-title":["Journal of the American Podiatric Medical 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Improvement of the Injection Paradigm"],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,3,1]]},"references-count":17,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2"},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7547\/18-132","relation":{},"ISSN":["8750-7315"],"issn-type":[{"value":"8750-7315","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,3,1]]}}}