{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,8]],"date-time":"2026-07-08T11:14:24Z","timestamp":1783509264425,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":34,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec id=\"st1\">\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Charcot's arthropathy (CA) is a destructive rare complication of diabetes, and its diagnosis remains challenging for foot specialists and surgeons. We aimed to assess the clinical presentation and characteristics of CA and the frequencies of its various types.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"st2\">\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This cross-sectional study was conducted from January 1, 2007, to December 31, 2016, and included 149 adults with diabetes diagnosed as having CA. Cases of CA were classified based on the Brodsky anatomical classification into five types according to location and involved joints.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"st3\">\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The mean \u00b1 SD age of the studied cohort was 56.7 \u00b1 11 years, with a mean \u00b1 SD diabetes duration of 21.2 \u00b1 7.0 years. The CA cohort had poorly controlled diabetes and a high rate of neuropathy and retinopathy. The most frequent type of CA was type 4, with multiple regions involved at a rate of 56.4%, followed by type 1, with midfoot involvement at 34.5%. A total of 47.7% of the patients had bilateral CA. Complications affected 220 limbs, of which 67.7% had foot ulceration. With respect to foot deformity, hammertoe affected all of the patients; hallux valgus, 59.5%; and flatfoot, 21.8%.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"st4\">\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>There is a high rate of bilateral CA, mainly type 4, which could be attributed to cultural habits in Saudi Arabia, including footwear. This finding warrants increasing awareness of the importance of maintaining proper footwear to avoid such complications. Implementation of preventive measures for CA is urgently needed.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.7547\/18-197","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,30]],"date-time":"2020-07-30T20:59:22Z","timestamp":1596142762000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Characteristics of Patients with Charcot's Arthropathy and its Complications in the Saudi Diabetic Population: A Cross-Sectional Study"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"110","author":[{"given":"Khalid","family":"Al-Rubeaan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Khaled H.","family":"Aburisheh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yousuf","family":"Al Farsi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mohammad","family":"Al Derwish","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Samir","family":"Ouizi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fahad","family":"Alblaihi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ali Jaber","family":"ALHagawy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rakan Khalid","family":"AlSalem","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Musab Abdualaziz","family":"Alageel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mona Heide","family":"Toledo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Amira M.","family":"Youssef","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","reference":[{"key":"i8750-7315-110-3-Article_1-b01","series-title":"Clin Orthop","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1168","DOI":"10.1007\/s11999-014-4059-y","article-title":"Classifications in brief: Eichenholtz classification of Charcot arthropathy","volume":"473","author":"Rosenbaum","year":"2015","unstructured":"Rosenbaum\n              AJ\n            \n            \n              DiPreta\n              JA:\n            \n          \n          Classifications in brief: Eichenholtz classification of Charcot arthropathy.\n\t\t\t\t\tClin Orthop473: 1168,\n\t\t\t\t\t2015.\n\t\t\t\t10.1007\/s11999-014-4059-y25413713"},{"key":"i8750-7315-110-3-Article_1-b02","series-title":"Diabetes Care","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2123","DOI":"10.2337\/dc11-0844","article-title":"The Charcot foot in diabetes","volume":"34","author":"Rogers","year":"2011","unstructured":"Rogers\n              LC\n            \n            \n              Frykberg\n              RG\n            \n            \n              Armstrong\n              DG\n            \n            :\n\t\t\t\t\t\n          The Charcot foot in diabetes.\n\t\t\t\t\tDiabetes Care34: 2123,\n\t\t\t\t\t2011.\n\t\t\t\t2186878110.2337\/dc11-0844"},{"key":"i8750-7315-110-3-Article_1-b03","series-title":"Indian J Endocrinol Metab","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.4103\/ijem.IJEM_257_17","article-title":"Prevalence of Charcot arthropathy in type 2 diabetes patients aged over 50 years with severe peripheral neuropathy: a retrospective study in a tertiary care South Indian Hospital","volume":"22","author":"Salini","year":"2018","unstructured":"Salini\n              D\n            \n            \n              Harish\n              K\n            \n            \n              Minnie\n              P\n            \n            :\n\t\t\t\t\t\n          Prevalence of Charcot arthropathy in type 2 diabetes patients aged over 50 years with severe peripheral neuropathy: a retrospective study in a tertiary care South Indian Hospital.\n\t\t\t\t\tIndian J Endocrinol Metab22: 107,\n\t\t\t\t\t2018.\n\t\t\t\t10.4103\/ijem.IJEM_257_17"},{"key":"i8750-7315-110-3-Article_1-b04","series-title":"Diabetes Care","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"796","DOI":"10.2337\/diacare.23.6.796","article-title":"Long-term follow-up in diabetic Charcot feet with spontaneous onset","volume":"23","author":"Fabrin","year":"2000","unstructured":"Fabrin\n              J\n            \n            \n              Larsen\n              K\n            \n            \n              Holstein\n              PE:\n            \n          \n          Long-term follow-up in diabetic Charcot feet with spontaneous onset.\n\t\t\t\t\tDiabetes Care23: 796,\n\t\t\t\t\t2000.\n\t\t\t\t10.2337\/diacare.23.6.79610840999"},{"key":"i8750-7315-110-3-Article_1-b05","series-title":"Diabetes Care","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1435","DOI":"10.2337\/diacare.26.5.1435","article-title":"Diabetic foot syndrome: evaluating the prevalence and incidence of foot pathology in Mexican Americans and non-Hispanic whites from a diabetes disease management cohort","volume":"26","author":"Lavery","year":"2003","unstructured":"Lavery\n              LA\n            \n            \n              Armstrong\n              DG\n            \n            \n              Wunderlich\n              RP\n            \n            :\n\t\t\t\t\t\n          Diabetic foot syndrome: evaluating the prevalence and incidence of foot pathology in Mexican Americans and non-Hispanic whites from a diabetes disease management cohort.\n\t\t\t\t\tDiabetes Care26: 1435,\n\t\t\t\t\t2003.\n\t\t\t\t1271680110.2337\/diacare.26.5.1435"},{"key":"i8750-7315-110-3-Article_1-b06","series-title":"Medicine (Baltimore)","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"191","DOI":"10.1097\/00005792-197205000-00006","article-title":"Neuro-arthropathy (Charcot joints) in diabetes mellitus (clinical study of 101 cases)","volume":"51","author":"Sinha","year":"1972","unstructured":"Sinha\n              S\n            \n            \n              Munichoodappa\n              CS\n            \n            \n              Kozak\n              GP:\n            \n          \n          Neuro-arthropathy (Charcot joints) in diabetes mellitus (clinical study of 101 cases).\n\t\t\t\t\tMedicine (Baltimore)51: 191,\n\t\t\t\t\t1972.\n\t\t\t\t10.1097\/00005792-197205000-00006"},{"key":"i8750-7315-110-3-Article_1-b07","series-title":"Diabetes Care","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"816","DOI":"10.2337\/dc08-1695","article-title":"Mortality risk of Charcot arthropathy compared with that of diabetic foot ulcer and diabetes alone","volume":"32","author":"Sohn","year":"2009","unstructured":"Sohn\n              M-W\n            \n            \n              Lee\n              TA\n            \n            \n              Stuck\n              RM\n            \n            :\n\t\t\t\t\t\n          Mortality risk of Charcot arthropathy compared with that of diabetic foot ulcer and diabetes alone.\n\t\t\t\t\tDiabetes Care32: 816,\n\t\t\t\t\t2009.\n\t\t\t\t1919688210.2337\/dc08-1695"},{"key":"i8750-7315-110-3-Article_1-b08","series-title":"Am J Orthop Belle Mead NJ","first-page":"492","article-title":"Health-related quality of life in patients with Charcot foot","volume":"32","author":"Pinzur","year":"2003","unstructured":"Pinzur\n              MS\n            \n            \n              Evans\n              A:\n            \n          \n          Health-related quality of life in patients with Charcot foot.\n\t\t\t\t\tAm J Orthop Belle Mead NJ32: 492,\n\t\t\t\t\t2003.\n\t\t\t\t14620089"},{"key":"i8750-7315-110-3-Article_1-b09","series-title":"Nat Rev Endocrinol","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"88","DOI":"10.1038\/nrendo.2017.151","article-title":"Global aetiology and epidemiology of type 2 diabetes mellitus and its complications","volume":"14","author":"Zheng","year":"2018","unstructured":"Zheng\n              Y\n            \n            \n              Ley\n              SH\n            \n            \n              Hu\n              FB:\n            \n          \n          Global aetiology and epidemiology of type 2 diabetes mellitus and its complications.\n\t\t\t\t\tNat Rev Endocrinol14: 88,\n\t\t\t\t\t2018.\n\t\t\t\t2921914910.1038\/nrendo.2017.151"},{"key":"i8750-7315-110-3-Article_1-b10","series-title":"Surgery of the Foot and Ankle","first-page":"1281","article-title":"\u201cThe Diabetic Foot,\u201d","author":"Brodsky","year":"2006","unstructured":"Brodsky\n              JW\n            :\n\t\t\t\t\t\n          \u201cThe Diabetic Foot,\u201d\n          in\n          \n            Surgery of the Foot and Ankle\n          ,\n\t\t\t\t\ted byCoughlin,MJMann,RASaltzman,CLp1281,\n\t\t\t\t\tMosby-Elsevier,\n\t\t\t\t\tSt Louis,\n\t\t\t\t\t2006."},{"key":"i8750-7315-110-3-Article_1-b11","series-title":"J Diabetes","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"622","DOI":"10.1111\/1753-0407.12224","article-title":"Epidemiology of abnormal glucose metabolism in a country facing its epidemic: SAUDI-DM study","volume":"7","author":"Al-Rubeaan","year":"2015","unstructured":"Al-Rubeaan\n              K\n            \n            \n              Al-Manaa\n              HA\n            \n            \n              Khoja\n              TA\n            \n            :\n\t\t\t\t\t\n          Epidemiology of abnormal glucose metabolism in a country facing its epidemic: SAUDI-DM study.\n\t\t\t\t\tJ Diabetes7: 622,\n\t\t\t\t\t2015.\n\t\t\t\t10.1111\/1753-0407.12224"},{"key":"i8750-7315-110-3-Article_1-b12","series-title":"J Med Internet Res","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e202","DOI":"10.2196\/jmir.2722","article-title":"A Web-based interactive diabetes registry for health care management and planning in Saudi Arabia","volume":"15","author":"Al-Rubeaan","year":"2013","unstructured":"Al-Rubeaan\n              KA\n            \n            \n              Youssef\n              AM\n            \n            \n              Subhani\n              SN\n            \n            :\n\t\t\t\t\t\n          A Web-based interactive diabetes registry for health care management and planning in Saudi Arabia.\n\t\t\t\t\tJ Med Internet Res15: e202,\n\t\t\t\t\t2013.\n\t\t\t\t2402519810.2196\/jmir.2722"},{"key":"i8750-7315-110-3-Article_1-b13","series-title":"Saudi Med J","first-page":"433","article-title":"Subclinical diabetic neuropathy: a common complication in Saudi diabetics","volume":"21","author":"Akbar","year":"2000","unstructured":"Akbar\n              DH\n            \n            \n              Mira\n              SA\n            \n            \n              Zawawi\n              TH\n            \n            :\n\t\t\t\t\t\n          Subclinical diabetic neuropathy: a common complication in Saudi diabetics.\n\t\t\t\t\tSaudi Med J21: 433,\n\t\t\t\t\t2000.\n\t\t\t\t11500676"},{"key":"i8750-7315-110-3-Article_1-b14","series-title":"Int Ophthalmol","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1006240928938","article-title":"Risk factors for diabetic retinopathy among Saudi diabetics","volume":"22","author":"El-Asrar","year":"1998","unstructured":"El-Asrar\n              AM\n            \n            \n              Al-Rubeaan\n              KA\n            \n            \n              Al-Amro\n              SA\n            \n            :\n\t\t\t\t\t\n          Risk factors for diabetic retinopathy among Saudi diabetics.\n\t\t\t\t\tInt Ophthalmol22: 155,\n\t\t\t\t\t1998.\n\t\t\t\t10.1023\/A:100624092893810548460"},{"key":"i8750-7315-110-3-Article_1-b15","series-title":"Saudi J Kidney Dis Transpl","first-page":"402","article-title":"Concomitant macro and microvascular complications in diabetic nephropathy","volume":"20","author":"Alwakeel","year":"2009","unstructured":"Alwakeel\n              JS\n            \n            \n              Al-Suwaida\n              A\n            \n            \n              Isnani\n              AC\n            \n            :\n\t\t\t\t\t\n          Concomitant macro and microvascular complications in diabetic nephropathy.\n\t\t\t\t\tSaudi J Kidney Dis Transpl20: 402,\n\t\t\t\t\t2009.\n\t\t\t\t19414942"},{"key":"i8750-7315-110-3-Article_1-b16","series-title":"Vasc Med Lond Engl","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1177\/1358863X14526948","article-title":"Risk factors for peripheral artery disease among patients with diabetes in Saudi Arabia","volume":"19","author":"Alzahrani","year":"2014","unstructured":"Alzahrani\n              HA\n            \n            \n              Wang\n              D\n            \n            \n              Bakhotmah\n              BA\n            \n            :\n\t\t\t\t\t\n          Risk factors for peripheral artery disease among patients with diabetes in Saudi Arabia.\n\t\t\t\t\tVasc Med Lond Engl19: 103,\n\t\t\t\t\t2014.\n\t\t\t\t10.1177\/1358863X14526948"},{"key":"i8750-7315-110-3-Article_1-b17","series-title":"PLoS One","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0124446","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0124446","article-title":"Diabetic foot complications and their risk factors from a large retrospective cohort study","volume":"10","author":"Al-Rubeaan","year":"2015","unstructured":"Al-Rubeaan\n              K\n            \n            \n              Al Derwish\n              M\n            \n            \n              Ouizi\n              S\n            \n            :\n\t\t\t\t\t\n          Diabetic foot complications and their risk factors from a large retrospective cohort study.\n\t\t\t\t\tPLoS One10: e0124446,\n\t\t\t\t\t2015.\n\t\t\t\t10.1371\/journal.pone.012444625946144"},{"key":"i8750-7315-110-3-Article_1-b18","series-title":"Diabet Foot Ankle","article-title":"Charcot foot and ankle with osteomyelitis","volume":"4:","author":"Donegan","year":"2013","unstructured":"Donegan\n              R\n            \n            \n              Sumpio\n              B\n            \n            \n              Blume\n              PA:\n            \n          \n          Charcot foot and ankle with osteomyelitis.\n\t\t\t\t\tDiabet Foot Ankle4:2013."},{"key":"i8750-7315-110-3-Article_1-b19","series-title":"J Clin Transl Endocrinol","first-page":"1","article-title":"Salient features and outcomes of Charcot foot: an often-overlooked diabetic complication: a 17-year-experience at a diabetic center in Bangkok","volume":"11","author":"Thewjitcharoen","year":"2018","unstructured":"Thewjitcharoen\n              Y\n            \n            \n              Sripatpong\n              J\n            \n            \n              Parksook\n              W\n            \n            :\n\t\t\t\t\t\n          Salient features and outcomes of Charcot foot: an often-overlooked diabetic complication: a 17-year-experience at a diabetic center in Bangkok.\n\t\t\t\t\tJ Clin Transl Endocrinol11: 1,\n\t\t\t\t\t2018."},{"key":"i8750-7315-110-3-Article_1-b20","series-title":"Saudi Med J","first-page":"147","article-title":"The diabetic foot in the Arab world","volume":"27","author":"Al-Wahbi","year":"2006","unstructured":"Al-Wahbi\n              AM:\n            \n          \n          The diabetic foot in the Arab world.\n\t\t\t\t\tSaudi Med J27: 147,\n\t\t\t\t\t2006.\n\t\t\t\t16501666"},{"key":"i8750-7315-110-3-Article_1-b21","series-title":"J Clin Neuromuscul Dis","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1097\/CND.0b013e3181c6f55b","article-title":"The Charcot joint: a modern neurologic perspective","volume":"13","author":"Chisholm","year":"2011","unstructured":"Chisholm\n              KA\n            \n            \n              Gilchrist\n              JM:\n            \n          \n          The Charcot joint: a modern neurologic perspective.\n\t\t\t\t\tJ Clin Neuromuscul Dis13: 1,\n\t\t\t\t\t2011.\n\t\t\t\t10.1097\/CND.0b013e3181c6f55b22361621"},{"key":"i8750-7315-110-3-Article_1-b22","series-title":"Acta Ortop Bras","first-page":"135","article-title":"Epidemiological aspects of foot and ankle injury in the diabetic patient","volume":"18","author":"Ferreira","year":"2010","unstructured":"Ferreira\n              RC\n            \n            \n              Silva\n              APS\n            \n            \n              Costa\n              MT\n            \n            :\n\t\t\t\t\t\n          Epidemiological aspects of foot and ankle injury in the diabetic patient.\n\t\t\t\t\tActa Ortop Bras18: 135,\n\t\t\t\t\t2010."},{"key":"i8750-7315-110-3-Article_1-b23","series-title":"Hong Kong Med J","first-page":"191","article-title":"Charcot foot in a Hong Kong Chinese diabetic population","volume":"15","author":"Leung","year":"2009","unstructured":"Leung\n              HB\n            \n            \n              Ho\n              YC\n            \n            \n              Wong\n              WC:\n            \n          \n          Charcot foot in a Hong Kong Chinese diabetic population.\n\t\t\t\t\tHong Kong Med J15: 191,\n\t\t\t\t\t2009."},{"key":"i8750-7315-110-3-Article_1-b24","series-title":"Singapore Med J","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"198","DOI":"10.11622\/smedj.2016074","article-title":"Risk factors of diabetic foot Charcot arthropathy: a case-control study at a Malaysian tertiary care centre","volume":"57","author":"Fauzi","year":"2016","unstructured":"Fauzi\n              AA\n            \n            \n              Chung\n              TY\n            \n            \n              Latif\n              LA:\n            \n          \n          Risk factors of diabetic foot Charcot arthropathy: a case-control study at a Malaysian tertiary care centre.\n\t\t\t\t\tSingapore Med J57: 198,\n\t\t\t\t\t2016.\n\t\t\t\t10.11622\/smedj.2016074"},{"key":"i8750-7315-110-3-Article_1-b25","series-title":"Surg Sci","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"250","DOI":"10.4236\/ss.2016.76036","article-title":"Evaluation of Charcot neuroarthropathy in diabetic foot disease patients at tertiary hospital","volume":"07","author":"Kensarah","year":"2016","unstructured":"Kensarah\n              AMA\n            \n            \n              Zaidi\n              NH\n            \n            \n              Noorwali\n              A\n            \n            :\n\t\t\t\t\t\n          Evaluation of Charcot neuroarthropathy in diabetic foot disease patients at tertiary hospital.\n\t\t\t\t\tSurg Sci07: 250,\n\t\t\t\t\t2016.\n\t\t\t\t10.4236\/ss.2016.76036"},{"key":"i8750-7315-110-3-Article_1-b26","series-title":"Diabet Foot Ankle","article-title":"An overview of the Charcot foot pathophysiology","volume":"4:","author":"Kaynak","year":"2013","unstructured":"Kaynak\n              G\n            \n            \n              Birsel\n              O\n            \n            \n              G\u00fcven\n              MF\n            \n            :\n\t\t\t\t\t\n          An overview of the Charcot foot pathophysiology.\n\t\t\t\t\tDiabet Foot Ankle4:2013."},{"key":"i8750-7315-110-3-Article_1-b27","series-title":"Diabetes Care","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1198","DOI":"10.2337\/diacare.24.7.1198","article-title":"Diabetes and risk of fracture: the Blue Mountains Eye Study","volume":"24","author":"Ivers","year":"2001","unstructured":"Ivers\n              RQ\n            \n            \n              Cumming\n              RG\n            \n            \n              Mitchell\n              P\n            \n            :\n\t\t\t\t\t\n          Diabetes and risk of fracture: the Blue Mountains Eye Study.\n\t\t\t\t\tDiabetes Care24: 1198,\n\t\t\t\t\t2001.\n\t\t\t\t10.2337\/diacare.24.7.119811423502"},{"key":"i8750-7315-110-3-Article_1-b28","series-title":"J Diabetes Nurs","first-page":"50","article-title":"Diabetic bone disease and Charcot joints: a review","volume":"21","author":"Hordon","year":"2017","unstructured":"Hordon\n              LD:\n            \n          \n          Diabetic bone disease and Charcot joints: a review.\n\t\t\t\t\tJ Diabetes Nurs21: 50,\n\t\t\t\t\t2017."},{"key":"i8750-7315-110-3-Article_1-b29","series-title":"Arch Endocrinol Metab","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"226","DOI":"10.1590\/2359-3997000000042","article-title":"Risk factors for Charcot foot","volume":"59","author":"Barreto de Medeiros N\u00f3brega","year":"2015","unstructured":"Barreto de Medeiros N\u00f3brega\n              M\n            \n            \n              Aras\n              R\n            \n            \n              Netto\n              EM\n            \n            :\n\t\t\t\t\t\n          Risk factors for Charcot foot.\n\t\t\t\t\tArch Endocrinol Metab59: 226,\n\t\t\t\t\t2015.\n\t\t\t\t2615409010.1590\/2359-3997000000042"},{"key":"i8750-7315-110-3-Article_1-b30","series-title":"Arch Orthop Trauma Surg","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.1007\/s00402-006-0271-x","article-title":"\u201cSilent\u201d bone stress injuries in the feet of diabetic patients with polyneuropathy: a report on 12 cases","volume":"127","author":"Chantelau","year":"2007","unstructured":"Chantelau\n              E\n            \n            \n              Richter\n              A\n            \n            \n              Ghassem-Zadeh\n              N\n            \n            :\n\t\t\t\t\t\n          \u201cSilent\u201d bone stress injuries in the feet of diabetic patients with polyneuropathy: a report on 12 cases.\n\t\t\t\t\tArch Orthop Trauma Surg127: 171,\n\t\t\t\t\t2007.\n\t\t\t\t10.1007\/s00402-006-0271-x17216478"},{"key":"i8750-7315-110-3-Article_1-b31","series-title":"Clin Orthop Relat Res","first-page":"43","article-title":"A short history of neuropathic arthropathy","volume":"296","author":"Gupta","year":"1993","unstructured":"Gupta\n              R:\n            \n          \n          A short history of neuropathic arthropathy.\n\t\t\t\t\tClin Orthop Relat Res296: 43,\n\t\t\t\t\t1993."},{"key":"i8750-7315-110-3-Article_1-b32","series-title":"Phys Ther","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"356","DOI":"10.1093\/ptj\/70.6.356","article-title":"Relationship of foot deformity to ulcer location in patients with diabetes mellitus","volume":"70","author":"Mueller","year":"1990","unstructured":"Mueller\n              MJ\n            \n            \n              Minor\n              SD\n            \n            \n              Diamond\n              JE\n            \n            :\n\t\t\t\t\t\n          Relationship of foot deformity to ulcer location in patients with diabetes mellitus.\n\t\t\t\t\tPhys Ther70: 356,\n\t\t\t\t\t1990.\n\t\t\t\t234577910.1093\/ptj\/70.6.356"},{"key":"i8750-7315-110-3-Article_1-b33","series-title":"Diabetologia","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1085","DOI":"10.1007\/s00125-002-0885-7","article-title":"Charcot neuroarthropathy in diabetes mellitus","volume":"45","author":"Rajbhandari","year":"2002","unstructured":"Rajbhandari\n              SM\n            \n            \n              Jenkins\n              RC\n            \n            \n              Davies\n              C\n            \n            :\n\t\t\t\t\t\n          Charcot neuroarthropathy in diabetes mellitus.\n\t\t\t\t\tDiabetologia45: 1085,\n\t\t\t\t\t2002.\n\t\t\t\t1218943810.1007\/s00125-002-0885-7"},{"key":"i8750-7315-110-3-Article_1-b34","series-title":"Ibnosina J Med Biomed Sci","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.4103\/ijmbs.ijmbs_39_18","article-title":"Characteristics of diabetic foot disease and risk factors in Benghazi, Libya","volume":"10","author":"Buzaid","year":"2018","unstructured":"Buzaid\n              N\n            \n            \n              Nagem\n              F:\n            \n          \n          Characteristics of diabetic foot disease and risk factors in Benghazi, Libya.\n\t\t\t\t\tIbnosina J Med Biomed Sci10: 165,\n\t\t\t\t\t2018.\n\t\t\t\t10.4103\/ijmbs.ijmbs_39_18"}],"container-title":["Journal of the American Podiatric Medical Association"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/japmaonline.org\/view\/journals\/apms\/110\/3\/i8750-7315-110-3-article_1.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/meridian.allenpress.com\/japma\/article-pdf\/doi\/10.7547\/18-197\/2558761\/i8750-7315-110-3-article_1.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/japmaonline.org\/downloadpdf\/journals\/apms\/110\/3\/i8750-7315-110-3-article_1.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/japmaonline.org\/downloadpdf\/journals\/apms\/110\/3\/i8750-7315-110-3-article_1.xml","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,8]],"date-time":"2026-07-08T10:17:55Z","timestamp":1783505875000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1930-8264\/110\/3\/18197"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,5]]},"references-count":34,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3"},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7547\/18-197","relation":{},"ISSN":["8750-7315"],"issn-type":[{"value":"8750-7315","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,5]]}}}