{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,8]],"date-time":"2026-07-08T11:14:42Z","timestamp":1783509282763,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":29,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec id=\"st1\">\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Morton's neuromas are abnormalities of the common digital nerve branch located between the lesser metatarsal heads. Historically, interdigital (Morton's) neuromas have been characterized as being most common in the third interspace and in females. The principal investigator observed Morton's neuromas commonly in the second and third interspaces in both sexes. To our knowledge, no literature exists to evaluate Morton's neuroma location with a focus on each sex independently. The present study evaluates Morton's neuroma interspace location and whether there is a variation by sex.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"st2\">\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      In this retrospective study, 582 deidentified magnetic resonance imaging reports with a diagnosis code for Morton's neuroma were evaluated for patients scanned from January 2, 2015, through April 19, 2016. Incomplete records and those with radiologist findings inconsistent with Morton's neuroma were eliminated. For the remaining 379 patients, data were collected on sex, laterality, history of trauma, plantar plate tear, age, and interspace location. Special focus was given to second and third interspace Morton's neuromas. Data were evaluated using the Pearson \u03c7\n                      <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n                      and independent-samples Mann-Whitney\n                      <jats:italic>U<\/jats:italic>\n                      tests, with\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      &lt; .05 indicating statistical significance.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"st3\">\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      No statistically significant distribution between sex and second and third interspace Morton's neuromas was noted. Right vs left foot, age, and history of trauma did not vary statistically significantly between sexes. There was a statistically significant difference between the presence of plantar plate tears between sexes. Male patients with Morton's neuromas were found to have a higher rate of plantar plate tears (\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      = .01).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"st4\">\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This study found that there were no statistically significant differences between sexes and Morton's neuromas location, laterality, or age.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.7547\/18-809","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,11]],"date-time":"2020-11-11T18:10:42Z","timestamp":1605118242000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Sex Correlation to the Prevalence of Pedal Neuromas in Various Interspaces: A Retrospective Study"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"110","author":[{"given":"Patrick A.","family":"DeHeer","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Artinder P.","family":"Nanrhe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shannon R.","family":"Michael","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sarah N.","family":"Standish","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christine D.","family":"Bhinder","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Todd L.","family":"Foster","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","reference":[{"key":"i8750-7315-110-5-Article_2-b01","series-title":"Foot Ankle Int","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"543","DOI":"10.3113\/FAI.2012.0543","article-title":"Prevalence of interdigital nerve enlargements in an asymptomatic population","volume":"33","author":"Symeonidis","year":"2012","unstructured":"Symeonidis\n              PD\n            \n            \n              Iselin\n              LD\n            \n            \n              Simmons\n              N\n            \n            :\n\t\t\t\t\t\n          Prevalence of interdigital nerve enlargements in an asymptomatic population.\n\t\t\t\t\tFoot Ankle Int33: 543,\n\t\t\t\t\t2012.\n\t\t\t\t10.3113\/FAI.2012.0543"},{"key":"i8750-7315-110-5-Article_2-b02","series-title":"J Foot Ankle Surg","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"251","DOI":"10.1053\/j.jfas.2008.12.005","article-title":"Diagnosis and treatment of forefoot disorders: section 3. Morton's intermetatarsal neuroma","volume":"48","author":"Thomas","year":"2009","unstructured":"Thomas\n              JL\n            \n            \n              Blitch\n              EL\n            \n            \n              Chaney\n              DM\n            \n            :\n\t\t\t\t\t\n          Diagnosis and treatment of forefoot disorders: section 3. Morton's intermetatarsal neuroma.\n\t\t\t\t\tJ Foot Ankle Surg48: 251,\n\t\t\t\t\t2009.\n\t\t\t\t1923298010.1053\/j.jfas.2008.12.005"},{"key":"i8750-7315-110-5-Article_2-b03","series-title":"J Foot Ankle Surg","first-page":"45","article-title":"Neuroma diagnosis by means X-ray evaluation","volume":"6","author":"Sullivan","year":"1967","unstructured":"Sullivan\n              JD:\n            \n          \n          Neuroma diagnosis by means X-ray evaluation.\n\t\t\t\t\tJ Foot Ankle Surg6: 45,\n\t\t\t\t\t1967."},{"key":"i8750-7315-110-5-Article_2-b04","series-title":"Foot Ankle Spec","first-page":"307","article-title":"The diagnosis and management of Morton's neuroma","volume":"8","author":"Jain","year":"2013","unstructured":"Jain\n              S\n            \n            \n              Mannan\n              K:\n            \n          \n          The diagnosis and management of Morton's neuroma.\n\t\t\t\t\tFoot Ankle Spec8: 307,\n\t\t\t\t\t2013."},{"key":"i8750-7315-110-5-Article_2-b05","series-title":"JAPMA","first-page":"406","article-title":"Metatarsus proximus and digital divergence: association with intermetatarsal neuromas","volume":"83","author":"Grace","year":"1993","unstructured":"Grace\n              TS\n            \n            \n              Sunshein\n              K\n            \n            \n              Jones\n              R\n            \n            :\n\t\t\t\t\t\n          Metatarsus proximus and digital divergence: association with intermetatarsal neuromas.\n\t\t\t\t\tJAPMA83: 406,\n\t\t\t\t\t1993."},{"key":"i8750-7315-110-5-Article_2-b06","series-title":"J Foot Ankle Surg","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"213","DOI":"10.1053\/j.jfas.2007.04.001","article-title":"The operational characteristics of ultrasonography for the diagnosis of plantar intermetatarsal neuroma","volume":"46","author":"Kankanala","year":"2007","unstructured":"Kankanala\n              G\n            \n            \n              Jain\n              AS:\n            \n          \n          The operational characteristics of ultrasonography for the diagnosis of plantar intermetatarsal neuroma.\n\t\t\t\t\tJ Foot Ankle Surg46: 213,\n\t\t\t\t\t2007.\n\t\t\t\t10.1053\/j.jfas.2007.04.001"},{"key":"i8750-7315-110-5-Article_2-b07","series-title":"Radiology","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"239","DOI":"10.1148\/radiology.189.1.8372200","article-title":"Morton's neuroma: evaluation with MR imaging performed with contrast enhancement and fat suppression","volume":"189","author":"Terk","year":"1993","unstructured":"Terk\n              MR\n            \n            \n              Kwong\n              PK\n            \n            \n              Suthar\n              M\n            \n            :\n\t\t\t\t\t\n          Morton's neuroma: evaluation with MR imaging performed with contrast enhancement and fat suppression.\n\t\t\t\t\tRadiology189: 239,\n\t\t\t\t\t1993.\n\t\t\t\t837220010.1148\/radiology.189.1.8372200"},{"key":"i8750-7315-110-5-Article_2-b08","series-title":"Clin Radiol","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"46","DOI":"10.1016\/S0009-9260(97)80305-4","article-title":"MRI in the investigation of Morton's neuroma: which sequences?","volume":"52","author":"William","year":"1997","unstructured":"William\n              JW\n            \n            \n              Meaney\n              J\n            \n            \n              Whitehouse\n              GH\n            \n            :\n\t\t\t\t\t\n          MRI in the investigation of Morton's neuroma: which sequences?\n          Clin Radiol\n          52\n          : \n          46,\n\t\t\t\t\t1997.\n\t\t\t\t10.1016\/S0009-9260(97)80305-49022580"},{"key":"i8750-7315-110-5-Article_2-b09","series-title":"Am J Roentgenol","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"529","DOI":"10.2214\/ajr.168.2.9016241","article-title":"Efficacy of MR imaging in patients suspected of having Morton's neuroma","volume":"168","author":"Zanetti","year":"1997","unstructured":"Zanetti\n              M\n            \n            \n              Ledermann\n              T\n            \n            \n              Zollinger\n              H\n            \n            :\n\t\t\t\t\t\n          Efficacy of MR imaging in patients suspected of having Morton's neuroma.\n\t\t\t\t\tAm J Roentgenol168: 529,\n\t\t\t\t\t1997.\n\t\t\t\t10.2214\/ajr.168.2.9016241"},{"key":"i8750-7315-110-5-Article_2-b10","series-title":"Korean J Radiol","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"148","DOI":"10.3348\/kjr.2007.8.2.148","article-title":"Morton neuroma: evaluated with ultrasonography and MR imaging","volume":"8","author":"Lee","year":"2007","unstructured":"Lee\n              MJ\n            \n            \n              Kim\n              S\n            \n            \n              Huh\n              YM\n            \n            :\n\t\t\t\t\t\n          Morton neuroma: evaluated with ultrasonography and MR imaging.\n\t\t\t\t\tKorean J Radiol8: 148,\n\t\t\t\t\t2007.\n\t\t\t\t10.3348\/kjr.2007.8.2.148"},{"key":"i8750-7315-110-5-Article_2-b11","series-title":"Radiology","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"833","DOI":"10.1148\/radiology.181.3.1947106","article-title":"Interdigital (Morton) neuroma: high-resolution MR imaging with a solenoid coil","volume":"181","author":"Erickson","year":"1991","unstructured":"Erickson\n              SJ\n            \n            \n              Canale\n              PB\n            \n            \n              Carrera\n              GF\n            \n            :\n\t\t\t\t\t\n          Interdigital (Morton) neuroma: high-resolution MR imaging with a solenoid coil.\n\t\t\t\t\tRadiology181: 833,\n\t\t\t\t\t1991.\n\t\t\t\t194710610.1148\/radiology.181.3.1947106"},{"key":"i8750-7315-110-5-Article_2-b12","series-title":"Semin Musculoskelet Radiol","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.1055\/s-2005-921938","article-title":"Weishaupt D: MR imaging of the forefoot: Morton neuroma and differential diagnoses","volume":"9","author":"Zanetti","year":"2005","unstructured":"Zanetti\n              M\n            \n          \n          \n            Weishaupt D: MR imaging of the forefoot: Morton neuroma and differential diagnoses.\n\t\t\t\t\tSemin Musculoskelet Radiol9: 175,\n\t\t\t\t\t2005.\n\t\t\t\t1624771910.1055\/s-2005-921938"},{"key":"i8750-7315-110-5-Article_2-b13","series-title":"Foot Ankle Clin","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1016\/S1083-7515(03)00004-4","article-title":"Morton's neuroma","volume":"8","author":"Kay","year":"2003","unstructured":"Kay\n              D\n            \n            \n              Bennett\n              GL:\n            \n          \n          Morton's neuroma.\n\t\t\t\t\tFoot Ankle Clin8: 49,\n\t\t\t\t\t2003.\n\t\t\t\t10.1016\/S1083-7515(03)00004-412760574"},{"key":"i8750-7315-110-5-Article_2-b14","series-title":"JAPMA","first-page":"218","article-title":"Histologic evaluation of intermetatarsal Morton's neuroma","volume":"103","author":"Giakoumis","year":"2013","unstructured":"Giakoumis\n              M\n            \n            \n              Ryan\n              J\n            \n            \n              Jani\n              J:\n            \n          \n          Histologic evaluation of intermetatarsal Morton's neuroma.\n\t\t\t\t\tJAPMA103: 218,\n\t\t\t\t\t2013."},{"key":"i8750-7315-110-5-Article_2-b15","series-title":"Foot Ankle Int","first-page":"70","article-title":"Correlation of clinical, operative, and histopathologic diagnosis of interdigital neuroma and the cost of routine diagnosis","volume":"37","author":"O'Connor","year":"2015","unstructured":"O'Connor\n              K\n            \n            \n              Johnson\n              J\n            \n            \n              McCormick\n              J\n            \n            :\n\t\t\t\t\t\n          Correlation of clinical, operative, and histopathologic diagnosis of interdigital neuroma and the cost of routine diagnosis.\n\t\t\t\t\tFoot Ankle Int37: 70,\n\t\t\t\t\t2015.\n\t\t\t\t26319398"},{"key":"i8750-7315-110-5-Article_2-b16","series-title":"Clin Podiatr Med Surg","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"535","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cpm.2010.06.004","article-title":"Morton's neuroma","volume":"27","author":"Adams","year":"2010","unstructured":"Adams\n              WR II:\n            \n          \n          Morton's neuroma.\n\t\t\t\t\tClin Podiatr Med Surg27: 535,\n\t\t\t\t\t2010.\n\t\t\t\t10.1016\/j.cpm.2010.06.00420934103"},{"key":"i8750-7315-110-5-Article_2-b17","series-title":"J Foot Ankle Surg","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"112","DOI":"10.1016\/S1067-2516(96)80027-5","article-title":"Morton's interdigital neuroma: a clinical review of its etiology, treatment, and results","volume":"35","author":"Wu","year":"1996","unstructured":"Wu\n              K:\n            \n          \n          Morton's interdigital neuroma: a clinical review of its etiology, treatment, and results.\n\t\t\t\t\tJ Foot Ankle Surg35: 112,\n\t\t\t\t\t1996.\n\t\t\t\t10.1016\/S1067-2516(96)80027-58722878"},{"key":"i8750-7315-110-5-Article_2-b18","series-title":"J Foot Ankle Surg","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"720","DOI":"10.1053\/j.jfas.2016.01.025","article-title":"Diagnostic value of elastography in the diagnosis of intermetatarsal neuroma","volume":"55","author":"Ormeci","year":"2016","unstructured":"Ormeci\n              T\n            \n            \n              Olcay\n              G\n            \n            \n              Malkoc\n              M\n            \n            :\n\t\t\t\t\t\n          Diagnostic value of elastography in the diagnosis of intermetatarsal neuroma.\n\t\t\t\t\tJ Foot Ankle Surg55: 720,\n\t\t\t\t\t2016.\n\t\t\t\t10.1053\/j.jfas.2016.01.025"},{"key":"i8750-7315-110-5-Article_2-b19","series-title":"J Foot Ankle Surg","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"549","DOI":"10.1053\/j.jfas.2014.09.021","article-title":"Diagnostic accuracy of clinical tests for Morton's neuroma compared with ultrasonography","volume":"54","author":"Mahadevan","year":"2015","unstructured":"Mahadevan\n              D\n            \n            \n              Venkatesan\n              M\n            \n            \n              Bhatt\n              R\n            \n            :\n\t\t\t\t\t\n          Diagnostic accuracy of clinical tests for Morton's neuroma compared with ultrasonography.\n\t\t\t\t\tJ Foot Ankle Surg54: 549,\n\t\t\t\t\t2015.\n\t\t\t\t2543245910.1053\/j.jfas.2014.09.021"},{"key":"i8750-7315-110-5-Article_2-b20","series-title":"Foot Ankle","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"238","DOI":"10.1177\/107110078300300411","article-title":"Interdigital neuroma: a critical clinical analysis","volume":"3","author":"Mann","year":"1983","unstructured":"Mann\n              RA\n            \n            \n              Reynolds\n              JC:\n            \n          \n          Interdigital neuroma: a critical clinical analysis.\n\t\t\t\t\tFoot Ankle3: 238,\n\t\t\t\t\t1983.\n\t\t\t\t10.1177\/1071100783003004116832668"},{"key":"i8750-7315-110-5-Article_2-b21","series-title":"Orthopedics","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"669","DOI":"10.3928\/0147-7447-19910601-07","article-title":"Surgical treatment for primary interdigital neuroma","volume":"14","author":"Friscia","year":"1991","unstructured":"Friscia\n              DA\n            \n            \n              Strom\n              DE\n            \n            \n              Parr\n              JW\n            \n            :\n\t\t\t\t\t\n          Surgical treatment for primary interdigital neuroma.\n\t\t\t\t\tOrthopedics14: 669,\n\t\t\t\t\t1991.\n\t\t\t\t186634810.3928\/0147-7447-19910601-07"},{"key":"i8750-7315-110-5-Article_2-b22","series-title":"Foot Ankle Int","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1412","DOI":"10.1177\/1071100715596741","article-title":"Simple neurectomy versus neurectomy with intramuscular implantation for interdigital neuroma: a comparative study","volume":"36","author":"Rungprai","year":"2015","unstructured":"Rungprai\n              C\n            \n            \n              Cychosz,\n              BS\n            \n            \n              Phreuetthiphat\n              O\n            \n            :\n\t\t\t\t\t\n          Simple neurectomy versus neurectomy with intramuscular implantation for interdigital neuroma: a comparative study.\n\t\t\t\t\tFoot Ankle Int36: 1412,\n\t\t\t\t\t2015.\n\t\t\t\t2629769310.1177\/1071100715596741"},{"key":"i8750-7315-110-5-Article_2-b23","series-title":"South Med J","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"853","DOI":"10.1097\/00007611-197607000-00014","article-title":"Plantar neuroma: analysis of results following surgical excision in 145 patients","volume":"69","author":"Bradley","year":"1976","unstructured":"Bradley\n              N\n            \n            \n              Miller\n              WA\n            \n            \n              Evans\n              JP:\n            \n          \n          Plantar neuroma: analysis of results following surgical excision in 145 patients.\n\t\t\t\t\tSouth Med J69: 853,\n\t\t\t\t\t1976.\n\t\t\t\t10.1097\/00007611-197607000-00014941051"},{"key":"i8750-7315-110-5-Article_2-b24","series-title":"J Foot Ankle Surg","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"320","DOI":"10.1053\/j.jfas.2014.05.011","article-title":"Multiple interdigital neuromas: a retrospective study of 279 feet with 462 neuromas","volume":"54","author":"Valero","year":"2015","unstructured":"Valero\n              J\n            \n            \n              Gallart\n              J\n            \n            \n              Gonzalez\n              D\n            \n            :\n\t\t\t\t\t\n          Multiple interdigital neuromas: a retrospective study of 279 feet with 462 neuromas.\n\t\t\t\t\tJ Foot Ankle Surg54: 320,\n\t\t\t\t\t2015.\n\t\t\t\t10.1053\/j.jfas.2014.05.01125128316"},{"key":"i8750-7315-110-5-Article_2-b25","series-title":"Foot Ankle Int","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1002","DOI":"10.1177\/1071100714540888","article-title":"Ettinger, et al: Role of MRI in detection of Morton's neuroma","volume":"35","author":"Claassen","year":"2014","unstructured":"Claassen\n              L\n            \n            \n              Bock\n              K\n            \n          \n          \n            Ettinger, et al: Role of MRI in detection of Morton's neuroma.\n\t\t\t\t\tFoot Ankle Int35: 1002,\n\t\t\t\t\t2014.\n\t\t\t\t10.1177\/107110071454088824958767"},{"key":"i8750-7315-110-5-Article_2-b26","series-title":"J Bone Joint Surg Br","first-page":"999","article-title":"The role of MRI and ultrasound imaging in Morton's neuroma and the effect of size of lesion on symptoms","volume":"85","author":"Sharp","year":"2003","unstructured":"Sharp\n              RJ\n            \n            \n              Wade\n              CM\n            \n            \n              Hennessy\n              MS\n            \n            :\n\t\t\t\t\t\n          The role of MRI and ultrasound imaging in Morton's neuroma and the effect of size of lesion on symptoms.\n\t\t\t\t\tJ Bone Joint Surg Br85: 999,\n\t\t\t\t\t2003.\n\t\t\t\t14516035"},{"key":"i8750-7315-110-5-Article_2-b27","series-title":"Foot and Ankle Surg","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fas.2011.01.007","article-title":"Morton's neuroma: a clinical versus radiological diagnosis","volume":"18","author":"Pastides","year":"2012","unstructured":"Pastides\n              P\n            \n            \n              El-Sallakh\n              S\n            \n            \n              Charalambides\n              C:\n            \n          \n          Morton's neuroma: a clinical versus radiological diagnosis.\n\t\t\t\t\tFoot and Ankle Surg18: 22,\n\t\t\t\t\t2012.\n\t\t\t\t10.1016\/j.fas.2011.01.007"},{"key":"i8750-7315-110-5-Article_2-b28","series-title":"Orthop Proc","first-page":"312","article-title":"Morton's neuroma: accuracy of clinical assessment","volume":"93","author":"Owens","year":"2011","unstructured":"Owens\n              R\n            \n            \n              Guthrie\n              H\n            \n            \n              Gougoulias\n              N\n            \n            :\n\t\t\t\t\t\n          Morton's neuroma: accuracy of clinical assessment.\n\t\t\t\t\tOrthop Proc93: 312,\n\t\t\t\t\t2011."},{"key":"i8750-7315-110-5-Article_2-b29","series-title":"Foot Ankle","first-page":"309","article-title":"Second metatarsophalangeal instability in the athlete","volume":"14","author":"Coughlin","year":"1999","unstructured":"Coughlin\n              MJ:\n            \n          \n          Second metatarsophalangeal instability in the athlete.\n\t\t\t\t\tFoot Ankle14: 309,\n\t\t\t\t\t1999."}],"container-title":["Journal of the American Podiatric Medical 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