{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,15]],"date-time":"2026-09-15T12:31:45Z","timestamp":1789475505747,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":35,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,3,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Giant cell tumor (GCT) of the bone is a benign, locally aggressive neoplasm that has a high tendency for local recurrence. It usually has a higher incidence in the third decade of life. This is a retrospective review of a case with histologic confirmation of GCT in a skeletally immature patient involving the metatarsal bone, which is a rare site. At our institution, 1.3% of skeletally immature patients had GCT of the bone. From an extensive literature review, only four cases of GCT of the metatarsal bone in the skeletally immature were identified. Giant cell tumor in a skeletally immature patient can be confused for an aneurysmal bone cyst because of similar radiologic findings. Giant cell tumor of the bone can occur in an immature skeleton and should be sought out as a differential diagnosis despite being rare.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.7547\/19-030","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,5]],"date-time":"2020-06-05T01:49:28Z","timestamp":1591321768000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Can Giant Cell Tumor of the Bone Occur in the Skeletally Immature?"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"110","author":[{"given":"Amber","family":"Haseeb","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, National Orthopaedic Center of Excellence for Research and Learning, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vivek Ajit","family":"Singh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, National Orthopaedic Center of Excellence for Research and Learning, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pailoor","family":"Jayalakshmi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","reference":[{"key":"i8750-7315-110-2-Article_12-b01","series-title":"J Bone Joint Surg Am","first-page":"106","article-title":"Giant-cell tumor of bone","volume":"96","author":"Campanacci","year":"1987","unstructured":"Campanacci\n              M.\n            \n            \n              Baldini\n              N.\n            \n            \n              Boriani\n              S.\n            \n            :\n\t\t\t\t\t\n          Giant-cell tumor of bone.\n\t\t\t\t\tJ Bone Joint Surg Am96: \n\t\t\t\t\t106,\n\t\t\t\t\t1987."},{"key":"i8750-7315-110-2-Article_12-b02","series-title":"J Bone Joint Surg Am","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1060","DOI":"10.2106\/JBJS.D.02771","article-title":"Local recurrence of giant cell tumor of bone after intralesional treatment with and without adjuvant therapy","volume":"90","author":"Becker","year":"2008","unstructured":"Becker\n              WT.\n            \n            \n              Dohle\n              J.\n            \n            \n              Bernd\n              L.\n            \n            :\n\t\t\t\t\t\n          Local recurrence of giant cell tumor of bone after intralesional treatment with and without adjuvant therapy.\n\t\t\t\t\tJ Bone Joint Surg Am90: \n\t\t\t\t\t1060,\n\t\t\t\t\t2008.\n\t\t\t\t1845139910.2106\/JBJS.D.02771"},{"key":"i8750-7315-110-2-Article_12-b03","series-title":"J Bone Joint Surg Am","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"486","DOI":"10.2106\/00004623-198365040-00009","article-title":"Giant-cell tumor of bone in skeletally immature patients","volume":"65","author":"Picci","year":"1983","unstructured":"Picci\n              P.\n            \n            \n              Manfrini\n              M.\n            \n            \n              Zucchi\n              V.\n            \n            :\n\t\t\t\t\t\n          Giant-cell tumor of bone in skeletally immature patients.\n\t\t\t\t\tJ Bone Joint Surg Am65: \n\t\t\t\t\t486,\n\t\t\t\t\t1983.\n\t\t\t\t683332310.2106\/00004623-198365040-00009"},{"key":"i8750-7315-110-2-Article_12-b04","series-title":"Magn Reson Imaging","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"341","DOI":"10.1016\/0730-725X(90)90108-E","article-title":"Giant-cell tumor of the tibia in a child presenting as an expansile metaphyseal lesion with fluid-fluid levels on MR","volume":"8","author":"Buetow","year":"1990","unstructured":"Buetow\n              PC.\n            \n            \n              Newman\n              S.\n            \n            \n              Kransdorf\n              MJ.\n          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Radiol","first-page":"173","article-title":"Giant cell tumor in children and adolescents","volume":"22","author":"Sch\u00fctte","year":"1993","unstructured":"Sch\u00fctte\n              HE.\n            \n            \n              Taconis\n              WK.\n            \n          \n          Giant cell tumor in children and adolescents.\n\t\t\t\t\tSkeletal Radiol22: \n\t\t\t\t\t173,\n\t\t\t\t\t1993.\n\t\t\t\t8480203"},{"key":"i8750-7315-110-2-Article_12-b07","series-title":"Skeletal Radiol","first-page":"543","article-title":"Case report 810: giant cell tumor of the first metatarsal","volume":"22","author":"Aaron","year":"1993","unstructured":"Aaron\n              AD.\n            \n            \n              Kenan\n              S.\n            \n            \n              Klein\n              MJ.\n            \n            :\n\t\t\t\t\t\n          Case report 810: giant cell tumor of the first metatarsal.\n\t\t\t\t\tSkeletal Radiol22: \n\t\t\t\t\t543,\n\t\t\t\t\t1993.\n\t\t\t\t8272895"},{"key":"i8750-7315-110-2-Article_12-b08","series-title":"J Pediatr Orthop","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"776","DOI":"10.1097\/01241398-199414060-00017","article-title":"Giant-cell tumor of bone: a rare entity in the hands of children","volume":"14","author":"Krajca-Radcliffe","year":"1994","unstructured":"Krajca-Radcliffe\n              JB.\n            \n            \n              Thomas\n              JR.\n            \n            \n              Nicholas\n              RW.\n            \n          \n          Giant-cell tumor of bone: a rare entity in the hands of children.\n\t\t\t\t\tJ Pediatr Orthop14: \n\t\t\t\t\t776,\n\t\t\t\t\t1994.\n\t\t\t\t10.1097\/01241398-199414060-000177814594"},{"key":"i8750-7315-110-2-Article_12-b09","series-title":"Skeletal Radiol","first-page":"583","article-title":"Case report 869: benign metastasizing giant cell tumor of bone","volume":"23","author":"Nojima","year":"1994","unstructured":"Nojima\n              T.\n            \n            \n              Takeda\n              N.\n            \n            \n              Matsuno\n              T.\n            \n            :\n\t\t\t\t\t\n          Case report 869: benign metastasizing giant cell tumor of bone.\n\t\t\t\t\tSkeletal Radiol23: \n\t\t\t\t\t583,\n\t\t\t\t\t1994.\n\t\t\t\t7824993"},{"key":"i8750-7315-110-2-Article_12-b10","series-title":"Eur J Surg Oncol","first-page":"700","article-title":"Benign giant cell tumor of bone in a child with pulmonary metastasis at presentation","volume":"20","author":"Ashraf","year":"1994","unstructured":"Ashraf\n              MS.\n            \n            \n              Gururangan\n              S.\n            \n            \n              Breatnach\n              F.\n            \n          \n          Benign giant cell tumor of bone in a child with pulmonary metastasis at presentation.\n\t\t\t\t\tEur J Surg Oncol20: \n\t\t\t\t\t700,\n\t\t\t\t\t1994."},{"key":"i8750-7315-110-2-Article_12-b11","series-title":"Pediatr Pathol Lab Med","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"769","DOI":"10.3109\/15513819509027012","article-title":"Giant cell tumor in the skull of a 9-year-old child: immunohistochemistry to confirm a diagnosis rare for age and site","volume":"15","author":"Curilovic","year":"1995","unstructured":"Curilovic\n              A.\n            \n            \n              Eich\n              GF.\n            \n            \n              Stallmach\n              T.\n            \n          \n          Giant cell tumor in the skull of a 9-year-old child: immunohistochemistry to confirm a diagnosis rare for age and site.\n\t\t\t\t\tPediatr Pathol Lab Med15: \n\t\t\t\t\t769,\n\t\t\t\t\t1995.\n\t\t\t\t10.3109\/155138195090270128597862"},{"key":"i8750-7315-110-2-Article_12-b12","series-title":"J South Orthop Assoc","first-page":"275","article-title":"Giant cell tumor and the skeletally immature patient","volume":"8","author":"Morgan","year":"1999","unstructured":"Morgan\n              JD.\n            \n            \n              Eady\n              JL.\n            \n          \n          Giant cell tumor and the skeletally immature patient.\n\t\t\t\t\tJ South Orthop Assoc8: \n\t\t\t\t\t275,\n\t\t\t\t\t1999.\n\t\t\t\t12132801"},{"key":"i8750-7315-110-2-Article_12-b13","series-title":"Indian J Pathol Microbiol","first-page":"479","article-title":"Multifocal giant cell tumour of bone in a skeletally immature patient: a case report","volume":"44","author":"Mondal","year":"2001","unstructured":"Mondal\n              A.\n            \n            \n              Kundu\n              B.\n            \n            \n              Kundu\n              R.\n            \n            :\n\t\t\t\t\t\n          Multifocal giant cell tumour of bone in a skeletally immature patient: a case report.\n\t\t\t\t\tIndian J Pathol Microbiol44: \n\t\t\t\t\t479,\n\t\t\t\t\t2001."},{"key":"i8750-7315-110-2-Article_12-b14","series-title":"Orthopedics","first-page":"470","article-title":"Radiologic case study. Giant-cell tumor of the wrist in a skeletally immature girl","volume":"25","author":"Cottalorda","year":"2002","unstructured":"Cottalorda\n              J.\n            \n            \n              Bourelle\n              S.\n            \n            \n              St\u00e9phan\n              JL.\n            \n            :\n\t\t\t\t\t\n          Radiologic case study. Giant-cell tumor of the wrist in a skeletally immature girl.\n\t\t\t\t\tOrthopedics25: \n\t\t\t\t\t470,\n\t\t\t\t\t2002."},{"key":"i8750-7315-110-2-Article_12-b15","series-title":"Clin Orthop Relat Res","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"267","DOI":"10.1097\/01.blo.0000063784.32430.b0","article-title":"Multicentric giant cell tumor of bone: a case report and review of literature","volume":"410","author":"Taylor","year":"2003","unstructured":"Taylor\n              KF.\n            \n            \n              Yingsakmongkol\n              W.\n            \n            \n              Conard\n              KA.\n            \n            :\n\t\t\t\t\t\n          Multicentric giant cell tumor of bone: a case report and review of literature.\n\t\t\t\t\tClin Orthop Relat Res410: \n\t\t\t\t\t267,\n\t\t\t\t\t2003.\n\t\t\t\t10.1097\/01.blo.0000063784.32430.b0"},{"key":"i8750-7315-110-2-Article_12-b16","series-title":"Pediatr Radiol","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"444","DOI":"10.1007\/s00247-004-1346-x","article-title":"Multifocal metachronous giant cell tumor in a 15-year-old boy","volume":"35","author":"Stratil","year":"2005","unstructured":"Stratil\n              PG.\n            \n            \n              Stacy\n              GS.\n            \n          \n          Multifocal metachronous giant cell tumor in a 15-year-old boy.\n\t\t\t\t\tPediatr Radiol35: \n\t\t\t\t\t444,\n\t\t\t\t\t200510.1007\/s00247-004-1346-x"},{"key":"i8750-7315-110-2-Article_12-b17","series-title":"J Indian Med Assoc","first-page":"96","article-title":"Giant cell tumor of talus: a case report","volume":"105","author":"Ramdas","year":"2007","unstructured":"Ramdas\n              A.\n            \n            \n              Rao\n              KR.\n            \n            \n              Thomas\n              A.\n            \n            :\n\t\t\t\t\t\n          Giant cell tumor of talus: a case report.\n\t\t\t\t\tJ Indian Med Assoc105: \n\t\t\t\t\t96,\n\t\t\t\t\t2007.\n\t\t\t\t17822179"},{"key":"i8750-7315-110-2-Article_12-b18","series-title":"J Pediatr Orthop","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"635","DOI":"10.1097\/BPO.0b013e3181425629","article-title":"Giant cell tumor of bone in children and adolescents","volume":"27","author":"Puri","year":"2007","unstructured":"Puri\n              A.\n            \n            \n              Agarwal\n              MG.\n            \n            \n              Shah\n              M.\n            \n            :\n\t\t\t\t\t\n          Giant cell tumor of bone in children and adolescents.\n\t\t\t\t\tJ Pediatr Orthop27: \n\t\t\t\t\t635,\n\t\t\t\t\t2007.\n\t\t\t\t10.1097\/BPO.0b013e318142562917717462"},{"key":"i8750-7315-110-2-Article_12-b19","series-title":"Haemophilia","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2516.2006.01423.x","article-title":"Multicentric giant cell tumours in an adolescent with haemophilia","volume":"13","author":"Chang","year":"2007","unstructured":"Chang\n              CC.\n            \n            \n              Chang\n              ST.\n            \n            \n              Chang\n              HY.\n            \n            :\n\t\t\t\t\t\n          Multicentric giant cell tumours in an adolescent with haemophilia.\n\t\t\t\t\tHaemophilia13: \n\t\t\t\t\t199,\n\t\t\t\t\t2007.\n\t\t\t\t10.1111\/j.1365-2516.2006.01423.x"},{"issue":"(suppl)","key":"i8750-7315-110-2-Article_12-b20","series-title":"J Neurosurg","first-page":"69","article-title":"Giant cell tumor of the skull in pediatric patients. Report of two cases","volume":"107","author":"Elder","year":"2007","unstructured":"Elder\n              JB.\n            \n            \n              Berry\n              C.\n            \n            \n              Gonzalez-Gomez\n              I.\n            \n            :\n\t\t\t\t\t\n          Giant cell tumor of the skull in pediatric patients. Report of two cases.\n\t\t\t\t\tJ Neurosurg107(suppl): 69,\n\t\t\t\t\t2007.\n\t\t\t\t17644925"},{"key":"i8750-7315-110-2-Article_12-b21","series-title":"Br J Radiol","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e75","DOI":"10.1259\/bjr\/61028225","article-title":"Epiphyseal giant cell tumour in an immature skeleton","volume":"81","author":"Gandhe","year":"2008","unstructured":"Gandhe\n              A.\n            \n            \n              Sankhe\n              A.\n            \n            \n              Aeron\n              G.\n            \n            :\n\t\t\t\t\t\n          Epiphyseal giant cell tumour in an immature skeleton.\n\t\t\t\t\tBr J Radiol81: \n\t\t\t\t\te75,\n\t\t\t\t\t2008.\n\t\t\t\t10.1259\/bjr\/61028225"},{"key":"i8750-7315-110-2-Article_12-b22","series-title":"ANZ J Surg","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"763","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1445-2197.2009.05074.x","article-title":"Giant cell tumour of bone in a skeletally immature patient","volume":"79","author":"Nag","year":"2009","unstructured":"Nag\n              S.\n            \n            \n              Jain\n              VK.\n            \n            \n              Singh\n              Y.\n            \n            :\n\t\t\t\t\t\n          Giant cell tumour of bone in a skeletally immature patient.\n\t\t\t\t\tANZ J Surg79: \n\t\t\t\t\t763,\n\t\t\t\t\t2009.\n\t\t\t\t10.1111\/j.1445-2197.2009.05074.x"},{"key":"i8750-7315-110-2-Article_12-b23","series-title":"Clin Orthop Relat Res","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2200","DOI":"10.1007\/s11999-008-0507-x","article-title":"Orthopaedic, radiology, pathology conference: painful distal femur lesion in a 13-year-old girl","volume":"467","author":"Harsha","year":"2009","unstructured":"Harsha\n              A.\n            \n            \n              Villalobos\n              CE.\n            \n            \n              Rybak\n              LD.\n            \n            :\n\t\t\t\t\t\n          Orthopaedic, radiology, pathology conference: painful distal femur lesion in a 13-year-old girl.\n\t\t\t\t\tClin Orthop Relat Res467: \n\t\t\t\t\t2200,\n\t\t\t\t\t2009.\n\t\t\t\t10.1007\/s11999-008-0507-x"},{"key":"i8750-7315-110-2-Article_12-b24","series-title":"J Orthop Surg (Hong Kong)","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"248","DOI":"10.1177\/230949900901700230","article-title":"Giant cell tumour in the foot of a skeletally immature girl: a case report","volume":"17","author":"Baker","year":"2009","unstructured":"Baker\n              JF.\n            \n            \n              Perera\n              A.\n            \n            \n              Kiely\n              PD.\n            \n            :\n\t\t\t\t\t\n          Giant cell tumour in the foot of a skeletally immature girl: a case report.\n\t\t\t\t\tJ Orthop Surg (Hong Kong).\n\t\t\t\t\t17: \n\t\t\t\t\t248,\n\t\t\t\t\t2009.\n\t\t\t\t10.1177\/230949900901700230"},{"key":"i8750-7315-110-2-Article_12-b25","series-title":"J Foot Ankle Surg","first-page":"399","article-title":"Multicentric GCT of tarsal bones in an immature skeleton: a case report with review of literature","volume":"49","author":"Varshney","year":"2010","unstructured":"Varshney\n              A.\n            \n            \n              Rao\n              H.\n            \n            \n              Sadh\n              R.\n            \n          \n          Multicentric GCT of tarsal bones in an immature skeleton: a case report with review of literature.\n\t\t\t\t\tJ Foot Ankle Surg49: \n\t\t\t\t\t399,\n\t\t\t\t\t2010."},{"key":"i8750-7315-110-2-Article_12-b26","series-title":"Acta Orthop Belg","first-page":"843","article-title":"Metatarsal giant cell tumour in a 7-year-old child: a case report","volume":"77","author":"Dridi","year":"2011","unstructured":"Dridi\n              M.\n            \n            \n              Ben\n              SS.\n            \n            \n              M'Barek\n              M.\n            \n            :\n\t\t\t\t\t\n          Metatarsal giant cell tumour in a 7-year-old child: a case report.\n\t\t\t\t\tActa Orthop Belg77: \n\t\t\t\t\t843,\n\t\t\t\t\t2011."},{"key":"i8750-7315-110-2-Article_12-b27","series-title":"Radiographics","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1283","DOI":"10.1148\/radiographics.21.5.g01se251283","article-title":"Imaging of giant cell tumor and giant cell reparative granuloma of bone: radiologic-pathologic correlation","volume":"21","author":"Murphey","year":"2001","unstructured":"Murphey\n              MD.\n            \n            \n              Nomikos\n              GC.\n            \n            \n              Flemming\n              DJ.\n            \n            :\n\t\t\t\t\t\n          Imaging of giant cell tumor and giant cell reparative granuloma of bone: radiologic-pathologic correlation.\n\t\t\t\t\tRadiographics21: \n\t\t\t\t\t1283,\n\t\t\t\t\t2001.\n\t\t\t\t10.1148\/radiographics.21.5.g01se25128311553835"},{"key":"i8750-7315-110-2-Article_12-b28","series-title":"J Cancer Res Ther","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"208","DOI":"10.4103\/0973-1482.82938","article-title":"Giant cell tumour of the first metatarsal","volume":"7","author":"Siddiqui","year":"2011","unstructured":"Siddiqui\n              YS.\n            \n            \n              Zahid\n              M.\n            \n            \n              Bin Sabir\n              A.\n            \n            :\n\t\t\t\t\t\n          Giant cell tumour of the first metatarsal.\n\t\t\t\t\tJ Cancer Res Ther7: \n\t\t\t\t\t208,\n\t\t\t\t\t2011.\n\t\t\t\t2176871710.4103\/0973-1482.82938"},{"key":"i8750-7315-110-2-Article_12-b29","series-title":"Orthop Clin North Am","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ocl.2005.08.005","article-title":"Giant cell tumor of bone","volume":"37","author":"Turcotte","year":"2006","unstructured":"Turcotte\n              RE.\n            \n          \n          Giant cell tumor of bone.\n\t\t\t\t\tOrthop Clin North Am37: \n\t\t\t\t\t35,\n\t\t\t\t\t2006.\n\t\t\t\t1631111010.1016\/j.ocl.2005.08.005"},{"key":"i8750-7315-110-2-Article_12-b30","series-title":"Foot Ankle Surg","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fas.2012.11.004","article-title":"Techniques in recurrent giant cell tumor of the first metatarsal in adolescents: a rare report of 2 cases","volume":"19","author":"Balaji","year":"2013","unstructured":"Balaji\n              GG.\n            \n            \n              Roy\n              AC.\n            \n            \n              Justin\n              SV.\n            \n          \n          Techniques in recurrent giant cell tumor of the first metatarsal in adolescents: a rare report of 2 cases.\n\t\t\t\t\tFoot Ankle Surg19: \n\t\t\t\t\te1,\n\t\t\t\t\t2013.\n\t\t\t\t2333728410.1016\/j.fas.2012.11.004"},{"key":"i8750-7315-110-2-Article_12-b31","series-title":"Eur Radiol","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1855","DOI":"10.1007\/s00330-005-2762-5","article-title":"Giant-cell tumours of bone of the hand and wrist: a review of imaging findings and differential diagnoses","volume":"15","author":"James","year":"2005","unstructured":"James\n              SL.\n            \n            \n              Davies\n              AM.\n            \n          \n          Giant-cell tumours of bone of the hand and wrist: a review of imaging findings and differential diagnoses.\n\t\t\t\t\tEur Radiol.\n\t\t\t\t\t15: \n\t\t\t\t\t1855,\n\t\t\t\t\t2005.\n\t\t\t\t10.1007\/s00330-005-2762-515868123"},{"key":"i8750-7315-110-2-Article_12-b32","series-title":"Arch Pathol","first-page":"993","article-title":"Giant cell tumour of bone. Its pathologic appearance, grading, supposed variants and treatment","volume":"30","author":"Jaffe","year":"1940","unstructured":"Jaffe\n              HL.\n            \n            \n              Lichtenstein\n              L.\n            \n            \n              Portis\n              RB.\n            \n          \n          Giant cell tumour of bone. 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