{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,8]],"date-time":"2026-07-08T11:14:44Z","timestamp":1783509284073,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":34,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    <jats:bold>Background:<\/jats:bold>\n                    Clinical diagnosis of pediatric flexible flatfoot is still a challenging issue for health-care professionals. Clarke\u2019s angle (CA) is frequently used clinically for assessing foot posture; however, there is still debate about its validity and diagnostic accuracy in evaluation of static foot posture especially in the pediatric population, with some previous studies supporting and others refuting its validity. The present study aimed to investigate the validity and diagnostic accuracy of the CA using radiographic findings as a criterion standard measure to determine flexible flatfoot between ages 6 and 18 years.\n                  <\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:bold>Methods<\/jats:bold>\n                    : A cross-sectional study of 612 participants (1224 feet) with flexible flatfoot aged 6 to 18 years (mean \u00b1 SD age, 12.36 \u00b1 3.39 years) was recruited. The clinical measure results were compared with the criterion standard radiographic measures and displayed on the receiver operating characteristic curve, and the area under the curve was computed. Intrarater reliability, sensitivity, specificity, predictive values, and likelihood ratios were calculated for the CA. A Fagan nomogram was used to detect post-test probability.\n                  <\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:bold>Results:<\/jats:bold>\n                    The CA demonstrated higher intrarater reliability (intraclass correlation coefficient = 0.997), sensitivity (98.4%), specificity (98.8), positive predictive value (97.3), negative predictive value (99.3), positive likelihood ratio (84), and negative likelihood ratio (0.02). The area under the curve was 0.98. The positive likelihood ratio yielded a post-test probability of 97%, and the negative likelihood ratio yielded a post-test probability of 0.02.\n                  <\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:bold>Conclusions:<\/jats:bold>\n                    The CA is a valid measure with high diagnostic accuracy in the diagnosis of flexible flatfoot between ages 6 and 18 years.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.7547\/20-133","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,9]],"date-time":"2021-03-09T08:50:47Z","timestamp":1615279847000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Validity and Diagnostic Accuracy of the Clarke\u2019s Angle in Determining Pediatric Flexible Flatfoot Using Radiographic Findings as a Criterion Standard Measure: A Cross-sectional Study"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"112","author":[{"given":"Fatma","family":"Hegazy","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physiotherapy, College of Health Sciences, University of Sharjah, United Arab Emirates."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Emad","family":"Aboelnasr","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Physical Therapy, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Amr","family":"Abdel-Aziem","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Physical Therapy, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt."},{"name":"Department of Physical Therapy, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Taif University, Taif, Saudi Arabia."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ali","family":"Hassan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Physical Therapy, South Valley University, Qena, Egypt."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"In-Ju","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Industrial Engineering and Engineering Management, College of Engineering, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","reference":[{"key":"B1","series-title":"J Foot Ankle Res","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1186\/s13047-018-0264-3","article-title":"Paediatric flexible flat foot: how are we measuring it and are we getting it right? a systematic review","volume":"11","author":"Banwell HA","year":"2018","unstructured":"Banwell HA, Paris ME, Mackintosh S, : Paediatric flexible flat foot: how are we measuring it and are we getting it right? a systematic review. 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