{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T14:32:16Z","timestamp":1787063536791,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":45,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,9]]},"abstract":"\n Background<\/jats:title>\n We aimed to evaluate surrogate markers commonly used in the literature for diabetic foot osteomyelitis remission after initial treatment for diabetic foot infections (DFIs).<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Methods<\/jats:title>\n \n Thirty-five patients with DFIs were prospectively enrolled and followed for 12 months. Osteomyelitis was determined from bone culture and histologic analysis initially and for recurrence. Fisher exact and \u03c7\n 2<\/jats:sup>\n tests were used for dichotomous variables and Student\n t<\/jats:italic>\n and Mann-Whitney\n U<\/jats:italic>\n tests for continuous variables (\u03b1 = .05).\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Results<\/jats:title>\n \n Twenty-four patients were diagnosed as having osteomyelitis and 11 as having soft-tissue infections. Four patients (16.7%) with osteomyelitis had reinfection based on bone biopsy. The success of osteomyelitis treatment varied based on the surrogate marker used to define remission: osteomyelitis infection (16.7%), failed wound healing (8.3%), reulceration (20.8%), readmission (16.7%), amputation (12.5%). There was no difference in outcomes among patients who were initially diagnosed as having osteomyelitis versus soft-tissue infections. There were no differences in osteomyelitis reinfection (16.7% versus 45.5%;\n P<\/jats:italic>\n = .07), wounds that failed to heal (8.3% versus 9.1%;\n P<\/jats:italic>\n = .94), reulceration (20.8% versus 27.3%;\n P<\/jats:italic>\n = .67), readmission for DFIs at the same site (16.7% versus 36.4%;\n P<\/jats:italic>\n = .20), amputation at the same site after discharge (12.5% versus 36.4%;\n P<\/jats:italic>\n = .10). Osteomyelitis at the index site based on bone biopsy indicated that failed therapy was 16.7%. Indirect markers demonstrated a failure rate of 8.3% to 20.8%.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n Most osteomyelitis markers were similar to markers in soft-tissue infection. Commonly reported surrogate markers were not shown to be specific to identify patients who failed osteomyelitis treatment compared with patients with soft-tissue infections. Given this, these surrogate markers are not reliable for use in practice to identify osteomyelitis treatment failure.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.7547\/20-147","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,3]],"date-time":"2020-11-03T14:51:51Z","timestamp":1604415111000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Are Surrogate Markers for Diabetic Foot Osteomyelitis Remission Reliable?"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"111","author":[{"given":"Peter A.","family":"Crisologo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Matthew","family":"Malone","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Javier","family":"La Fontaine","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Orhan","family":"Oz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kavita","family":"Bhavan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Adam","family":"Nichols","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lawrence A.","family":"Lavery","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","reference":[{"key":"i8750-7315-111-5-Article_3-b01","series-title":"Clin Infect Dis","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e132","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/cis346","article-title":"Infectious Diseases Society of America: 2012 Infectious Diseases Society of America clinical practice guideline for the diagnosis and treatment of diabetic foot infections","volume":"54","author":"Lipsky","year":"2012","unstructured":"Lipsky\n BA\n \n \n Berendt\n AR\n \n \n Cornia\n PB\n \n ;\n \n Infectious Diseases Society of America: 2012 Infectious Diseases Society of America clinical practice guideline for the diagnosis and treatment of diabetic foot infections.\n\t\t\t\t\tClin Infect Dis54: \n\t\t\t\t\te132,\n\t\t\t\t\t2012.\n\t\t\t\t10.1093\/cid\/cis346"},{"issue":"(suppl 1)","key":"i8750-7315-111-5-Article_3-b02","series-title":"Diabetes Metab Res Rev","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1002\/dmrr.2699","article-title":"International Working Group on the Diabetic Foot: IWGDF guidance on the diagnosis and management of foot infections in persons with diabetes","volume":"32","author":"Lipsky","year":"2016","unstructured":"Lipsky\n BA\n \n \n Aragon-Sanchez\n J\n \n \n Diggle\n M\n \n ;\n \n International Working Group on the Diabetic Foot: IWGDF guidance on the diagnosis and management of foot infections in persons with diabetes.\n\t\t\t\t\tDiabetes Metab Res Rev32(suppl 1): \n\t\t\t\t\t45,\n\t\t\t\t\t2016.\n\t\t\t\t10.1002\/dmrr.2699"},{"key":"i8750-7315-111-5-Article_3-b03","series-title":"Diabetologia","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2486","DOI":"10.1007\/s00125-017-4417-x","article-title":"Application of white blood cell SPECT\/CT to predict remission after a 6 or 12 week course of antibiotic treatment for diabetic foot osteomyelitis","volume":"60","author":"Vouillarmet","year":"2017","unstructured":"Vouillarmet\n J\n \n \n Moret\n M\n \n \n Morelec\n I\n \n :\n \n Application of white blood cell SPECT\/CT to predict remission after a 6 or 12 week course of antibiotic treatment for diabetic foot osteomyelitis.\n\t\t\t\t\tDiabetologia60: \n\t\t\t\t\t2486,\n\t\t\t\t\t2017.\n\t\t\t\t10.1007\/s00125-017-4417-x28866726"},{"key":"i8750-7315-111-5-Article_3-b04","series-title":"Int Wound J","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1158","DOI":"10.1111\/iwj.12433","article-title":"Hybrid imaging with 99mTc-WBC SPECT\/CT to monitor the effect of therapy in diabetic foot osteomyelitis","volume":"13","author":"Lazaga","year":"2016","unstructured":"Lazaga\n F\n \n \n Van Asten\n SA\n \n \n Nichols\n A\n \n :\n \n Hybrid imaging with 99mTc-WBC SPECT\/CT to monitor the effect of therapy in diabetic foot osteomyelitis.\n\t\t\t\t\tInt Wound J13: \n\t\t\t\t\t1158,\n\t\t\t\t\t2016.\n\t\t\t\t2585118210.1111\/iwj.12433"},{"key":"i8750-7315-111-5-Article_3-b05","series-title":"Diabet Med","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1093","DOI":"10.1111\/dme.12445","article-title":"Assessing diabetic foot osteomyelitis remission with white blood cell SPECT\/CT imaging","volume":"31","author":"Vouillarmet","year":"2014","unstructured":"Vouillarmet\n J\n \n \n Morelec\n I\n \n \n Thivolet\n C:\n \n \n Assessing diabetic foot osteomyelitis remission with white blood cell SPECT\/CT imaging.\n\t\t\t\t\tDiabet Med31: \n\t\t\t\t\t1093,\n\t\t\t\t\t2014.\n\t\t\t\t2465479810.1111\/dme.12445"},{"key":"i8750-7315-111-5-Article_3-b06","series-title":"Diabetes Metab","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"208","DOI":"10.1016\/j.diabet.2010.10.003","article-title":"Management of patients hospitalized for diabetic foot infection: results of the French OPIDIA study","volume":"37","author":"Richard","year":"2011","unstructured":"Richard\n JL\n \n \n Lavigne\n JP\n \n \n Got\n I\n \n :\n \n Management of patients hospitalized for diabetic foot infection: results of the French OPIDIA study.\n\t\t\t\t\tDiabetes Metab37: \n\t\t\t\t\t208,\n\t\t\t\t\t2011.\n\t\t\t\t2116904410.1016\/j.diabet.2010.10.003"},{"key":"i8750-7315-111-5-Article_3-b07","series-title":"Diabetes Care","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"637","DOI":"10.2337\/dc07-1744","article-title":"Outcome of diabetic foot osteomyelitis treated nonsurgically: a retrospective cohort study","volume":"31","author":"Senneville","year":"2008","unstructured":"Senneville\n E\n \n \n Lombart\n A\n \n \n Beltrand\n E\n \n :\n \n Outcome of diabetic foot osteomyelitis treated nonsurgically: a retrospective cohort study.\n\t\t\t\t\tDiabetes Care31: \n\t\t\t\t\t637,\n\t\t\t\t\t2008.\n\t\t\t\t1818489810.2337\/dc07-1744"},{"key":"i8750-7315-111-5-Article_3-b08","series-title":"J Antimicrob Chemother","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"927","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/48.6.927","article-title":"Rifampicin-ofloxacin oral regimen for the treatment of mild to moderate diabetic foot osteomyelitis","volume":"48","author":"Senneville","year":"2001","unstructured":"Senneville\n E\n \n \n Yazdanpanah\n Y\n \n \n Cazaubiel\n M\n \n :\n \n Rifampicin-ofloxacin oral regimen for the treatment of mild to moderate diabetic foot osteomyelitis.\n\t\t\t\t\tJ Antimicrob Chemother48: \n\t\t\t\t\t927,\n\t\t\t\t\t2001.\n\t\t\t\t10.1093\/jac\/48.6.92711733482"},{"key":"i8750-7315-111-5-Article_3-b09","series-title":"Foot Ankle Int","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"771","DOI":"10.1177\/107110070602701003","article-title":"Oral antimicrobial therapy for diabetic foot osteomyelitis","volume":"27","author":"Embil","year":"2006","unstructured":"Embil\n JM\n \n \n Rose\n G\n \n \n Trepman\n E\n \n :\n \n Oral antimicrobial therapy for diabetic foot osteomyelitis.\n\t\t\t\t\tFoot Ankle Int27: \n\t\t\t\t\t771,\n\t\t\t\t\t2006.\n\t\t\t\t10.1177\/10711007060270100317054876"},{"key":"i8750-7315-111-5-Article_3-b10","series-title":"Diabetes Care","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"302","DOI":"10.2337\/dc14-1514","article-title":"Six-week versus twelve-week antibiotic therapy for nonsurgically treated diabetic foot osteomyelitis: a multicenter open-label controlled randomized study","volume":"38","author":"Tone","year":"2015","unstructured":"Tone\n A\n \n \n Nguyen\n S\n \n \n Devemy\n F\n \n :\n \n Six-week versus twelve-week antibiotic therapy for nonsurgically treated diabetic foot osteomyelitis: a multicenter open-label controlled randomized study.\n\t\t\t\t\tDiabetes Care38: \n\t\t\t\t\t302,\n\t\t\t\t\t2015.\n\t\t\t\t2541415710.2337\/dc14-1514"},{"key":"i8750-7315-111-5-Article_3-b11","series-title":"Diabetologia","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2337","DOI":"10.1007\/s00125-017-4429-6","article-title":"Osteomyelitis of the foot: non-surgical management, SPECT\/CT scanning and minimising the duration of antibiotic use","volume":"60","author":"Jeffcoate","year":"2017","unstructured":"Jeffcoate\n WJ:\n \n \n Osteomyelitis of the foot: non-surgical management, SPECT\/CT scanning and minimising the duration of antibiotic use.\n\t\t\t\t\tDiabetologia60: \n\t\t\t\t\t2337,\n\t\t\t\t\t2017.\n\t\t\t\t2893676410.1007\/s00125-017-4429-6"},{"key":"i8750-7315-111-5-Article_3-b12","series-title":"Diabet Med","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1127","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1464-5491.2009.02828.x","article-title":"Conservative management of diabetic forefoot ulceration complicated by underlying osteomyelitis: the benefits of magnetic resonance imaging","volume":"26","author":"Valabhji","year":"2009","unstructured":"Valabhji\n J\n \n \n Oliver\n N\n \n \n Samarasinghe\n D\n \n :\n \n Conservative management of diabetic forefoot ulceration complicated by underlying osteomyelitis: the benefits of magnetic resonance imaging.\n\t\t\t\t\tDiabet Med26: \n\t\t\t\t\t1127,\n\t\t\t\t\t2009.\n\t\t\t\t10.1111\/j.1464-5491.2009.02828.x19929991"},{"key":"i8750-7315-111-5-Article_3-b13","series-title":"Diabetes Care","first-page":"154","article-title":"International Working Group on the Diabetic Foot. Reevaluating the way we classify the diabetic foot: restructuring the diabetic foot risk classification system of the International Working Group on the Diabetic Foot","volume":"31","author":"Lavery","year":"2008","unstructured":"Lavery\n LA\n \n \n Peters\n EJ\n \n \n Williams\n JR\n \n ;\n \n International Working Group on the Diabetic Foot. Reevaluating the way we classify the diabetic foot: restructuring the diabetic foot risk classification system of the International Working Group on the Diabetic Foot.\n\t\t\t\t\tDiabetes Care31: \n\t\t\t\t\t154,\n\t\t\t\t\t2008."},{"key":"i8750-7315-111-5-Article_3-b14","series-title":"Diabetes Care","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2077","DOI":"10.2337\/dc07-0445","article-title":"Risk factors for recurrent diabetic foot ulcers: site matters","volume":"30","author":"Peters","year":"2007","unstructured":"Peters\n EJ\n \n \n Armstrong\n DG\n \n \n Lavery\n LA:\n \n \n Risk factors for recurrent diabetic foot ulcers: site matters.\n\t\t\t\t\tDiabetes Care30: \n\t\t\t\t\t2077,\n\t\t\t\t\t2007.\n\t\t\t\t10.2337\/dc07-044517507693"},{"key":"i8750-7315-111-5-Article_3-b15","series-title":"Diabetes Care","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1442","DOI":"10.2337\/diacare.24.8.1442","article-title":"International Working Group on the Diabetic Foot. Effectiveness of the diabetic foot risk classification system of the International Working Group on the Diabetic Foot","volume":"24","author":"Peters","year":"2001","unstructured":"Peters\n EJ\n \n \n Lavery\n LA;\n \n \n International Working Group on the Diabetic Foot. Effectiveness of the diabetic foot risk classification system of the International Working Group on the Diabetic Foot.\n\t\t\t\t\tDiabetes Care24: \n\t\t\t\t\t1442,\n\t\t\t\t\t2001.\n\t\t\t\t10.2337\/diacare.24.8.1442"},{"key":"i8750-7315-111-5-Article_3-b16","series-title":"Curr Diab Rep","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"283","DOI":"10.1007\/s11892-010-0128-0","article-title":"Diabetic foot disease in people with advanced nephropathy and those on renal dialysis","volume":"10","author":"Ndip","year":"2010","unstructured":"Ndip\n A\n \n \n Lavery\n LA\n \n \n Boulton\n AJ:\n \n \n Diabetic foot disease in people with advanced nephropathy and those on renal dialysis.\n\t\t\t\t\tCurr Diab Rep10: \n\t\t\t\t\t283,\n\t\t\t\t\t2010.\n\t\t\t\t10.1007\/s11892-010-0128-020532700"},{"key":"i8750-7315-111-5-Article_3-b17","series-title":"Clin Infect Dis","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"885","DOI":"10.1086\/424846","article-title":"Infectious Diseases Society of America. Diagnosis and treatment of diabetic foot infections","volume":"39","author":"Lipsky","year":"2004","unstructured":"Lipsky\n BA\n \n \n Berendt\n AR\n \n \n Deery\n HG\n \n ;\n \n Infectious Diseases Society of America. Diagnosis and treatment of diabetic foot infections.\n\t\t\t\t\tClin Infect Dis39: \n\t\t\t\t\t885,\n\t\t\t\t\t2004.\n\t\t\t\t10.1086\/424846"},{"key":"i8750-7315-111-5-Article_3-b18","series-title":"Diabetes Care","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"789","DOI":"10.2337\/dc13-1526","article-title":"Antibiotics versus conservative surgery for treating diabetic foot osteomyelitis: a randomized comparative trial","volume":"37","author":"Lazaro-Martinez","year":"2014","unstructured":"Lazaro-Martinez\n JL\n \n \n Aragon-Sanchez\n J\n \n \n Garcia-Morales\n E:\n \n \n Antibiotics versus conservative surgery for treating diabetic foot osteomyelitis: a randomized comparative trial.\n\t\t\t\t\tDiabetes Care37: \n\t\t\t\t\t789,\n\t\t\t\t\t2014.\n\t\t\t\t10.2337\/dc13-152624130347"},{"key":"i8750-7315-111-5-Article_3-b19","series-title":"Diabetes Res Clin Pract","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e18","DOI":"10.1016\/j.diabres.2013.06.010","article-title":"Conservative management of diabetic foot osteomyelitis","volume":"101","author":"Acharya","year":"2013","unstructured":"Acharya\n S\n \n \n Soliman\n M\n \n \n Egun\n A\n \n :\n \n Conservative management of diabetic foot osteomyelitis.\n\t\t\t\t\tDiabetes Res Clin Pract101: \n\t\t\t\t\te18,\n\t\t\t\t\t2013.\n\t\t\t\t2385011610.1016\/j.diabres.2013.06.010"},{"key":"i8750-7315-111-5-Article_3-b20","series-title":"Diabetologia","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1962","DOI":"10.1007\/s00125-008-1131-8","article-title":"Outcomes of surgical treatment of diabetic foot osteomyelitis: a series of 185 patients with histopathological confirmation of bone involvement","volume":"51","author":"Aragon-Sanchez","year":"2008","unstructured":"Aragon-Sanchez\n FJ\n \n \n Cabrera-Galvan\n JJ\n \n \n Quintana-Marrero\n Y\n \n :\n \n Outcomes of surgical treatment of diabetic foot osteomyelitis: a series of 185 patients with histopathological confirmation of bone involvement.\n\t\t\t\t\tDiabetologia51: \n\t\t\t\t\t1962,\n\t\t\t\t\t2008.\n\t\t\t\t10.1007\/s00125-008-1131-818719880"},{"key":"i8750-7315-111-5-Article_3-b21","series-title":"Adv Skin Wound Care","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"515","DOI":"10.1097\/01.ASW.0000407647.12832.6c","article-title":"Managing lower-extremity osteomyelitis locally with surgical debridement and synthetic calcium sulfate antibiotic tablets","volume":"24","author":"Gauland","year":"2011","unstructured":"Gauland\n C:\n \n \n Managing lower-extremity osteomyelitis locally with surgical debridement and synthetic calcium sulfate antibiotic tablets.\n\t\t\t\t\tAdv Skin Wound Care24: \n\t\t\t\t\t515,\n\t\t\t\t\t2011.\n\t\t\t\t2201575010.1097\/01.ASW.0000407647.12832.6c"},{"key":"i8750-7315-111-5-Article_3-b22","series-title":"Int J Low Extrem Wounds","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"284","DOI":"10.1177\/1534734614559931","article-title":"Staphylococcus aureus\u2013related diabetic osteomyelitis: medical or surgical management? a French and Spanish retrospective cohort","volume":"14","author":"Lesens","year":"2015","unstructured":"Lesens\n O\n \n \n Desbiez\n F\n \n \n Theis\n C\n \n :\n \n \n Staphylococcus aureus\u2013related diabetic osteomyelitis: medical or surgical management? a French and Spanish retrospective cohort.\n\t\t\t\t\tInt J Low Extrem Wounds14: \n\t\t\t\t\t284,\n\t\t\t\t\t2015.\n\t\t\t\t10.1177\/1534734614559931"},{"key":"i8750-7315-111-5-Article_3-b23","series-title":"Int J Low Extrem Wounds","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1177\/1534734615596892","article-title":"Predictors of outcomes in diabetic foot osteomyelitis treated initially with conservative (nonsurgical) medical management: a retrospective study","volume":"15","author":"Zeun","year":"2016","unstructured":"Zeun\n P\n \n \n Gooday\n C\n \n \n Nunney\n I\n \n :\n \n Predictors of outcomes in diabetic foot osteomyelitis treated initially with conservative (nonsurgical) medical management: a retrospective study.\n\t\t\t\t\tInt J Low Extrem Wounds15: \n\t\t\t\t\t19,\n\t\t\t\t\t2016.\n\t\t\t\t2631589710.1177\/1534734615596892"},{"key":"i8750-7315-111-5-Article_3-b24","series-title":"Int Wound J","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"554","DOI":"10.1111\/iwj.12329","article-title":"Grafix Diabetic Foot Ulcer Study Group. The efficacy and safety of Grafix(\u00ae) for the treatment of chronic diabetic foot ulcers: results of a multi-centre, controlled, randomised, blinded, clinical trial","volume":"11","author":"Lavery","year":"2014","unstructured":"Lavery\n LA\n \n \n Fulmer\n J\n \n \n Shebetka\n KA\n \n ;\n \n Grafix Diabetic Foot Ulcer Study Group. The efficacy and safety of Grafix(\u00ae) for the treatment of chronic diabetic foot ulcers: results of a multi-centre, controlled, randomised, blinded, clinical trial.\n\t\t\t\t\tInt Wound J11: \n\t\t\t\t\t554,\n\t\t\t\t\t2014.\n\t\t\t\t10.1111\/iwj.12329"},{"key":"i8750-7315-111-5-Article_3-b25","series-title":"Wound Repair Regen","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"891","DOI":"10.1111\/wrr.12357","article-title":"A clinical trial of Integra Template for diabetic foot ulcer treatment","volume":"23","author":"Driver","year":"2015","unstructured":"Driver\n VR\n \n \n Lavery\n LA\n \n \n Reyzelman\n AM\n \n :\n \n A clinical trial of Integra Template for diabetic foot ulcer treatment.\n\t\t\t\t\tWound Repair Regen23: \n\t\t\t\t\t891,\n\t\t\t\t\t2015.\n\t\t\t\t10.1111\/wrr.1235726297933"},{"key":"i8750-7315-111-5-Article_3-b26","series-title":"Diabetes Care","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1701","DOI":"10.2337\/diacare.26.6.1701","article-title":"The efficacy and safety of Dermagraft in improving the healing of chronic diabetic foot ulcers: results of a prospective randomized trial","volume":"26","author":"Marston","year":"2003","unstructured":"Marston\n WA\n \n \n Hanft\n J\n \n \n Norwood\n P\n \n :\n \n The efficacy and safety of Dermagraft in improving the healing of chronic diabetic foot ulcers: results of a prospective randomized trial.\n\t\t\t\t\tDiabetes Care26: \n\t\t\t\t\t1701,\n\t\t\t\t\t2003.\n\t\t\t\t1276609710.2337\/diacare.26.6.1701"},{"key":"i8750-7315-111-5-Article_3-b27","series-title":"Diabetes Care","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"555","DOI":"10.2337\/diacare.28.3.555","article-title":"A randomized trial of two irremovable off-loading devices in the management of plantar neuropathic diabetic foot ulcers","volume":"28","author":"Katz","year":"2005","unstructured":"Katz\n IA\n \n \n Harlan\n A\n \n \n Miranda-Palma\n B\n \n :\n \n A randomized trial of two irremovable off-loading devices in the management of plantar neuropathic diabetic foot ulcers.\n\t\t\t\t\tDiabetes Care28: \n\t\t\t\t\t555,\n\t\t\t\t\t2005.\n\t\t\t\t1573518710.2337\/diacare.28.3.555"},{"key":"i8750-7315-111-5-Article_3-b28","series-title":"Int Wound J","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"710","DOI":"10.1111\/iwj.12213","article-title":"Randomised clinical trial to compare total contact casts, healing sandals and a shear-reducing removable boot to heal diabetic foot ulcers","volume":"12","author":"Lavery","year":"2015","unstructured":"Lavery\n LA\n \n \n Higgins\n KR\n \n \n La Fontaine\n J\n \n :\n \n Randomised clinical trial to compare total contact casts, healing sandals and a shear-reducing removable boot to heal diabetic foot ulcers.\n\t\t\t\t\tInt Wound J12: \n\t\t\t\t\t710,\n\t\t\t\t\t2015.\n\t\t\t\t10.1111\/iwj.12213"},{"key":"i8750-7315-111-5-Article_3-b29","series-title":"Diabetes Care","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1019","DOI":"10.2337\/diacare.24.6.1019","article-title":"Off-loading the diabetic foot wound: a randomized clinical trial","volume":"24","author":"Armstrong","year":"2001","unstructured":"Armstrong\n DG\n \n \n Nguyen\n HC\n \n \n Lavery\n LA\n \n :\n \n Off-loading the diabetic foot wound: a randomized clinical trial.\n\t\t\t\t\tDiabetes Care24: \n\t\t\t\t\t1019,\n\t\t\t\t\t2001.\n\t\t\t\t1137536310.2337\/diacare.24.6.1019"},{"key":"i8750-7315-111-5-Article_3-b30","series-title":"J Bone Joint Surg Am","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.2106\/00004623-198466010-00011","article-title":"Nutritional status: importance in predicting wound-healing after amputation","volume":"66","author":"Dickhaut","year":"1984","unstructured":"Dickhaut\n SC\n \n \n DeLee\n JC\n \n \n Page\n CP:\n \n \n Nutritional status: importance in predicting wound-healing after amputation.\n\t\t\t\t\tJ Bone Joint Surg Am66: \n\t\t\t\t\t71,\n\t\t\t\t\t1984.\n\t\t\t\t10.2106\/00004623-198466010-000116690446"},{"key":"i8750-7315-111-5-Article_3-b31","series-title":"J Bone Joint Surg Am","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1667","DOI":"10.2106\/00004623-200309000-00003","article-title":"Syme ankle disarticulation in patients with diabetes","volume":"85","author":"Pinzur","year":"2003","unstructured":"Pinzur\n MS\n \n \n Stuck\n RM\n \n \n Sage\n R\n \n :\n \n Syme ankle disarticulation in patients with diabetes.\n\t\t\t\t\tJ Bone Joint Surg Am85: \n\t\t\t\t\t1667,\n\t\t\t\t\t2003.\n\t\t\t\t10.2106\/00004623-200309000-0000312954823"},{"key":"i8750-7315-111-5-Article_3-b32","series-title":"Q J Med","first-page":"763","article-title":"Improved survival of the diabetic foot: the role of a specialized foot clinic","volume":"60","author":"Edmonds","year":"1986","unstructured":"Edmonds\n ME\n \n \n Blundell\n MP\n \n \n Morris\n ME\n \n :\n \n Improved survival of the diabetic foot: the role of a specialized foot clinic.\n\t\t\t\t\tQ J Med60: \n\t\t\t\t\t763,\n\t\t\t\t\t1986.\n\t\t\t\t3774959"},{"key":"i8750-7315-111-5-Article_3-b33","series-title":"Diabetes Care","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1428","DOI":"10.2337\/diacare.22.9.1428","article-title":"Benefits of a multidisciplinary approach in the management of recurrent diabetic foot ulceration in Lithuania: a prospective study","volume":"22","author":"Dargis","year":"1999","unstructured":"Dargis\n V\n \n \n Pantelejeva\n O\n \n \n Jonushaite\n A\n \n :\n \n Benefits of a multidisciplinary approach in the management of recurrent diabetic foot ulceration in Lithuania: a prospective study.\n\t\t\t\t\tDiabetes Care22: \n\t\t\t\t\t1428,\n\t\t\t\t\t1999.\n\t\t\t\t10.2337\/diacare.22.9.142810480504"},{"key":"i8750-7315-111-5-Article_3-b34","series-title":"Diabetes Care","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1376","DOI":"10.2337\/diacare.18.10.1376","article-title":"Manufactured shoes in the prevention of diabetic foot ulcers","volume":"18","author":"Uccioli","year":"1995","unstructured":"Uccioli\n L\n \n \n Faglia\n E\n \n \n Monticone\n G\n \n :\n \n Manufactured shoes in the prevention of diabetic foot ulcers.\n\t\t\t\t\tDiabetes Care18: \n\t\t\t\t\t1376,\n\t\t\t\t\t1995.\n\t\t\t\t872194110.2337\/diacare.18.10.1376"},{"key":"i8750-7315-111-5-Article_3-b35","series-title":"Diabetologia","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"962","DOI":"10.1007\/s00125-008-0976-1","article-title":"Primarily non-surgical management of osteomyelitis of the foot in diabetes","volume":"51","author":"Game","year":"2008","unstructured":"Game\n FL\n \n \n Jeffcoate\n WJ:\n \n \n Primarily non-surgical management of osteomyelitis of the foot in diabetes.\n\t\t\t\t\tDiabetologia51: \n\t\t\t\t\t962,\n\t\t\t\t\t2008.\n\t\t\t\t1838597510.1007\/s00125-008-0976-1"},{"key":"i8750-7315-111-5-Article_3-b36","series-title":"Am J Med","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"723","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9343(03)00231-6","article-title":"Outcomes of osteomyelitis among patients treated with outpatient parenteral antimicrobial therapy","volume":"114","author":"Tice","year":"2003","unstructured":"Tice\n AD\n \n \n Hoaglund\n PA\n \n \n Shoultz\n DA:\n \n \n Outcomes of osteomyelitis among patients treated with outpatient parenteral antimicrobial therapy.\n\t\t\t\t\tAm J Med114: \n\t\t\t\t\t723,\n\t\t\t\t\t2003.\n\t\t\t\t1282919810.1016\/S0002-9343(03)00231-6"},{"issue":"(pt 2)","key":"i8750-7315-111-5-Article_3-b37","series-title":"Am J Med","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"801","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9343(89)90476-2","article-title":"Therapy of lower extremity infections with ciprofloxacin in patients with diabetes mellitus, peripheral vascular disease, or both","volume":"86","author":"Peterson","year":"1989","unstructured":"Peterson\n LR\n \n \n Lissack\n LM\n \n \n Canter\n K\n \n :\n \n Therapy of lower extremity infections with ciprofloxacin in patients with diabetes mellitus, peripheral vascular disease, or both.\n\t\t\t\t\tAm J Med86(pt 2): \n\t\t\t\t\t801,\n\t\t\t\t\t1989.\n\t\t\t\t265858110.1016\/0002-9343(89)90476-2"},{"key":"i8750-7315-111-5-Article_3-b38","series-title":"Foot Ankle Int","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1285","DOI":"10.1177\/1071100716664364","article-title":"Outcomes of osteomyelitis in patients hospitalized with diabetic foot infections","volume":"37","author":"Wukich","year":"2016","unstructured":"Wukich\n DK\n \n \n Hobizal\n KB\n \n \n Sambenedetto\n TL\n \n :\n \n Outcomes of osteomyelitis in patients hospitalized with diabetic foot infections.\n\t\t\t\t\tFoot Ankle Int37: \n\t\t\t\t\t1285,\n\t\t\t\t\t2016.\n\t\t\t\t10.1177\/107110071666436427553085"},{"key":"i8750-7315-111-5-Article_3-b39","series-title":"Diabetes Res Clin Pract","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"58","DOI":"10.1016\/j.diabres.2017.06.002","article-title":"Complications during the treatment of diabetic foot osteomyelitis","volume":"135","author":"van Asten","year":"2018","unstructured":"van Asten\n SAV\n \n \n Mithani\n M\n \n \n Peters\n EJG\n \n :\n \n Complications during the treatment of diabetic foot osteomyelitis.\n\t\t\t\t\tDiabetes Res Clin Pract135: \n\t\t\t\t\t58,\n\t\t\t\t\t2018.\n\t\t\t\t2895133310.1016\/j.diabres.2017.06.002"},{"key":"i8750-7315-111-5-Article_3-b40","series-title":"Diabet Med","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"487","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1096-9136(199706)14:6<487::AID-DIA373>3.0.CO;2-Q","article-title":"Conservative management of osteomyelitis in the feet of diabetic patients","volume":"14","author":"Venkatesan","year":"1997","unstructured":"Venkatesan\n P\n \n \n Lawn\n S\n \n \n Macfarlane\n RM\n \n :\n \n Conservative management of osteomyelitis in the feet of diabetic patients.\n\t\t\t\t\tDiabet Med14: \n\t\t\t\t\t487,\n\t\t\t\t\t1997.\n\t\t\t\t921231610.1002\/(SICI)1096-9136(199706)14:6<487::AID-DIA373>3.0.CO;2-Q"},{"key":"i8750-7315-111-5-Article_3-b41","series-title":"Int J Low Extrem Wounds","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"207","DOI":"10.1177\/1534734611426364","article-title":"Surgical treatment of limb- and life-threatening infections in the feet of patients with diabetes and at least one palpable pedal pulse: successes and lessons learnt","volume":"10","author":"Aragon-Sanchez","year":"2011","unstructured":"Aragon-Sanchez\n J\n \n \n Lazaro-Martinez\n JL\n \n \n Hernandez-Herrero\n C\n \n :\n \n Surgical treatment of limb- and life-threatening infections in the feet of patients with diabetes and at least one palpable pedal pulse: successes and lessons learnt.\n\t\t\t\t\tInt J Low Extrem Wounds10: \n\t\t\t\t\t207,\n\t\t\t\t\t2011.\n\t\t\t\t2201955410.1177\/1534734611426364"},{"key":"i8750-7315-111-5-Article_3-b42","series-title":"Ann Vasc Surg","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"206","DOI":"10.1016\/j.avsg.2014.07.034","article-title":"Hyperbaric oxygen treatment outcome for different indications from a single center","volume":"29","author":"Skeik","year":"2015","unstructured":"Skeik\n N\n \n \n Porten\n BR\n \n \n Isaacson\n E\n \n :\n \n Hyperbaric oxygen treatment outcome for different indications from a single center.\n\t\t\t\t\tAnn Vasc Surg29: \n\t\t\t\t\t206,\n\t\t\t\t\t2015.\n\t\t\t\t10.1016\/j.avsg.2014.07.03425308240"},{"key":"i8750-7315-111-5-Article_3-b43","series-title":"J Foot Ankle Surg","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"204","DOI":"10.1016\/S1067-2516(97)80116-0","article-title":"The natural history of great toe amputations","volume":"36","author":"Murdoch","year":"1997","unstructured":"Murdoch\n DP\n \n \n Armstrong\n DG\n \n \n Dacus\n JB\n \n :\n \n The natural history of great toe amputations.\n\t\t\t\t\tJ Foot Ankle Surg36: \n\t\t\t\t\t204,\n\t\t\t\t\t1997.\n\t\t\t\t923250010.1016\/S1067-2516(97)80116-0"},{"key":"i8750-7315-111-5-Article_3-b44","series-title":"Diabetes Care","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.2337\/diacare.19.2.165","article-title":"The development of foot deformities and ulcers after great toe amputation in diabetes","volume":"19","author":"Quebedeaux","year":"1996","unstructured":"Quebedeaux\n TL\n \n \n Lavery\n LA\n \n \n Lavery\n DC:\n \n \n The development of foot deformities and ulcers after great toe amputation in diabetes.\n\t\t\t\t\tDiabetes Care19: \n\t\t\t\t\t165,\n\t\t\t\t\t1996.\n\t\t\t\t10.2337\/diacare.19.2.1658718439"},{"issue":"(suppl 1)","key":"i8750-7315-111-5-Article_3-b45","series-title":"Diabetes Metab Res Rev","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"60","DOI":"10.1002\/dmrr.2241","article-title":"Effectiveness and safety of elective surgical procedures to improve wound healing and reduce re-ulceration in diabetic patients with foot ulcers","volume":"28","author":"Lavery","year":"2012","unstructured":"Lavery\n LA:\n \n \n Effectiveness and safety of elective surgical procedures to improve wound healing and reduce re-ulceration in diabetic patients with foot ulcers.\n\t\t\t\t\tDiabetes Metab Res Rev28(suppl 1): \n\t\t\t\t\t60,\n\t\t\t\t\t2012.\n\t\t\t\t2227172510.1002\/dmrr.2241"}],"container-title":["Journal of the American Podiatric Medical Association"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/japmaonline.org\/view\/journals\/apms\/111\/5\/20-147.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/meridian.allenpress.com\/japma\/article-pdf\/doi\/10.7547\/20-147\/2975110\/i8750-7315-111-5-article_3.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/japmaonline.org\/downloadpdf\/journals\/apms\/111\/5\/20-147.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/japmaonline.org\/downloadpdf\/journals\/apms\/111\/5\/20-147.xml","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,8]],"date-time":"2026-07-08T10:18:27Z","timestamp":1783505907000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1930-8264\/111\/5\/20147"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,9]]},"references-count":45,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5"},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7547\/20-147","relation":{},"ISSN":["8750-7315"],"issn-type":[{"value":"8750-7315","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,9]]}}}