{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,29]],"date-time":"2026-09-29T06:09:40Z","timestamp":1790662180484,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":10,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"6","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Subungual exostosis (SE) is a benign, relatively uncommon bony growth underneath the nails of the distal phalanx of toes or fingers, with a majority on the toes. Clinically, it has two subvariants\u2014protruded and nonprotruded growths from nail plates\u2014which are treated differently. In this article, we report a case of protruded SE in a teenager with illustrative surgical excision. A 15-year-old boy presented with a painful growth on his right great toe of 6 months' duration. Physical examination revealed a 1-cm-diameter, solid, erythematous, rough, irregular growth penetrating through the skin along the dorsolateral nail bed of the right hallux with deformity of the lateral nail plate. Radiographs showed an elevated mass over the distal phalanx of the right lateral hallux. The mass was surgically excised and histopathologic examination confirmed the diagnosis of SE. The patient had no relapse or recurrence at follow-ups of 6 and 18 months. Subungual exostosis is a relatively uncommon bony growth in the toes. Radiography is favored for the diagnosis. Complete surgical excision is the optimal treatment, with rare recurrence. It needs to be differentiated from other bony lesions, including bizarre parosteal osteochondromatous proliferation, myositis ossificans, fibro-osseous pseudotumor, osteochondroma, and enchondroma.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.7547\/20-209","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,15]],"date-time":"2022-03-15T15:31:57Z","timestamp":1647358317000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Subungual Exostosis on the Right Hallux"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"111","author":[{"given":"Michael","family":"Tritto","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gene","family":"Mirkin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xingpei","family":"Hao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","reference":[{"key":"apms-111-06-15-b01","series-title":"Am J Surg Pathol","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"368","DOI":"10.1097\/00000478-198805000-00005","article-title":"Dupuytren's (subungual) exostosis","volume":"12","author":"Miller-Breslow","year":"1988","unstructured":"Miller-Breslow\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tA\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tDorfman\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tHD:\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\tDupuytren's (subungual) exostosis.\n\t\t\t\t\tAm J Surg Pathol\n\t\t\t\t\t12: \n\t\t\t\t\t368,\n\t\t\t\t\t1988.\n\t\t\t\t10.1097\/00000478-198805000-000053284396"},{"key":"apms-111-06-15-b02","series-title":"Chin Med Sci J","first-page":"169","article-title":"Subungual exostosis","volume":"6","author":"Li","year":"1991","unstructured":"Li\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tY\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tYue\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tT\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tHan\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tY:\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\tSubungual exostosis.\n\t\t\t\t\tChin Med Sci J\n\t\t\t\t\t6: \n\t\t\t\t\t169,\n\t\t\t\t\t1991.\n\t\t\t\t1793880"},{"key":"apms-111-06-15-b03","series-title":"Clin Orthop Relat Res","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1251","DOI":"10.1007\/s11999-013-3345-4","article-title":"Subungual exostosis of the toes: a systematic review","volume":"472","author":"DaCambra","year":"2014","unstructured":"DaCambra\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tMP\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tGupta\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tSK\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tFerri-de-Barros\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tF:\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\tSubungual exostosis of the toes: a systematic review.\n\t\t\t\t\tClin Orthop Relat Res\n\t\t\t\t\t472: \n\t\t\t\t\t1251,\n\t\t\t\t\t2014.\n\t\t\t\t10.1007\/s11999-013-3345-424146360"},{"key":"apms-111-06-15-b04","series-title":"Indian J Orthop","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.4103\/0019-5413.125496","article-title":"Protruded and nonprotruded subungual exostosis: differences in surgical approach","volume":"48","author":"Ba\u015far","year":"2014","unstructured":"Ba\u015far\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tH\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tInanmaz\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tME\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tBa\u015far\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tB\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t:\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\tProtruded and nonprotruded subungual exostosis: differences in surgical approach.\n\t\t\t\t\tIndian J Orthop\n\t\t\t\t\t48: \n\t\t\t\t\t49,\n\t\t\t\t\t2014.\n\t\t\t\t10.4103\/0019-5413.125496http:\/\/gateway.webofknowledge.com\/gateway\/Gateway.cgi?GWVersion=2&SrcApp=PARTNER_APP&SrcAuth=LinksAMR&KeyUT=WOS:000331260500009&DestLinkType=FullRecord&DestApp=ALL_WOS&UsrCustomerID=b7bc2757938ac7a7a821505f8243d9f324600063"},{"key":"apms-111-06-15-b05","series-title":"Dermatol Surg","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"287","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1524-4725.1998.tb04151.x","article-title":"Stump the experts. Subungual exostosis","volume":"24","author":"Warren","year":"1998","unstructured":"Warren\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tKJ\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tFairley\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tJA:\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\tStump the experts. Subungual exostosis.\n\t\t\t\t\tDermatol Surg\n\t\t\t\t\t24: \n\t\t\t\t\t287,\n\t\t\t\t\t1998.\n\t\t\t\t949112710.1111\/j.1524-4725.1998.tb04151.x"},{"key":"apms-111-06-15-b06","series-title":"Ann Plast Surg","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"272","DOI":"10.1097\/01.sap.0000174356.70048.b8","article-title":"Subungual exostosis: a review of 16 cases focusing on postoperative deformity of the nail","volume":"55","author":"Suga","year":"2005","unstructured":"Suga\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tH\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tMukouda\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tM:\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\tSubungual exostosis: a review of 16 cases focusing on postoperative deformity of the nail.\n\t\t\t\t\tAnn Plast Surg\n\t\t\t\t\t55: \n\t\t\t\t\t272,\n\t\t\t\t\t2005.\n\t\t\t\t10.1097\/01.sap.0000174356.70048.b816106166"},{"key":"apms-111-06-15-b07","series-title":"In J Cancer","first-page":"1972","article-title":"Rearrangement of the COL12A1 and COL4A5 genes in subungual exostosis: molecular cytogenetic delineation of the tumor-specific translocation t(X;6)(q13-14;q22)","volume":"118","author":"Storlazzi","year":"2006","unstructured":"Storlazzi\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tCT\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tWozniak\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tA\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tPanagopoulos\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tI\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t:\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\tRearrangement of the COL12A1 and COL4A5 genes in subungual exostosis: molecular cytogenetic delineation of the tumor-specific translocation t(X;6)(q13-14;q22).\n\t\t\t\t\tIn J Cancer\n\t\t\t\t\t118: \n\t\t\t\t\t1972,\n\t\t\t\t\t2006."},{"key":"apms-111-06-15-b08","series-title":"Am J Surg Pathol","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1033","DOI":"10.1097\/01.pas.0000126642.61690.d6","article-title":"Distinct chromosomal rearrangements in subungual (Dupuytren) exostosis and bizarre parosteal osteochondromatous proliferation (Nora lesion)","volume":"28","author":"Zambrano","year":"2004","unstructured":"Zambrano\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tE\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tNos\u00e9\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tV\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tPerez-Atayde\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tAR\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t:\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\tDistinct chromosomal rearrangements in subungual (Dupuytren) exostosis and bizarre parosteal osteochondromatous proliferation (Nora lesion).\n\t\t\t\t\tAm J Surg Pathol\n\t\t\t\t\t28: \n\t\t\t\t\t1033,\n\t\t\t\t\t2004.\n\t\t\t\t10.1097\/01.pas.0000126642.61690.d615252309"},{"key":"apms-111-06-15-b09","series-title":"Br J Dermatol","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"915","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2133.1999.02825.x","article-title":"Treatment of subungual exostoses by elective day case surgery","volume":"140","author":"De Berker","year":"1999","unstructured":"De Berker\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tDA\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tLangtry\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tJ:\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\tTreatment of subungual exostoses by elective day case surgery.\n\t\t\t\t\tBr J Dermatol\n\t\t\t\t\t140: \n\t\t\t\t\t915,\n\t\t\t\t\t1999.\n\t\t\t\t1035403210.1046\/j.1365-2133.1999.02825.x"},{"key":"apms-111-06-15-b10","series-title":"Pediatr Dermatol","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"212","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1525-1470.1996.tb01205.x","article-title":"Subungual exostosis: case report and review of the literature","volume":"13","author":"Davis","year":"1996","unstructured":"Davis\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tDA\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tCohen\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tPR:\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\tSubungual exostosis: case report and review of the literature.\n\t\t\t\t\tPediatr Dermatol\n\t\t\t\t\t13: \n\t\t\t\t\t212,\n\t\t\t\t\t1996.\n\t\t\t\t880612110.1111\/j.1525-1470.1996.tb01205.x"}],"container-title":["Journal of the American Podiatric Medical Association"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/japmaonline.org\/view\/journals\/apms\/111\/6\/20-209.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/japmaonline.org\/downloadpdf\/journals\/apms\/111\/6\/20-209.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/japmaonline.org\/downloadpdf\/journals\/apms\/111\/6\/20-209.xml","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,8]],"date-time":"2026-07-08T10:18:34Z","timestamp":1783505914000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1930-8264\/111\/6\/20209"}},"subtitle":["An Illustrative Case Report"],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,11]]},"references-count":10,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6"},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7547\/20-209","relation":{},"ISSN":["8750-7315"],"issn-type":[{"value":"8750-7315","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,11]]}}}