{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,8]],"date-time":"2026-07-08T11:14:54Z","timestamp":1783509294664,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":27,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"6","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    <jats:bold>Background:<\/jats:bold>\n                    There is limited evidence on the biomechanical effects of type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) on children\u2019s feet. This study aimed to determine whether children living with T1DM aged 10 to 16 years have altered foot structure and gait parameters compared with same-aged children without medical conditions.\n                  <\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:bold>Methods:<\/jats:bold>\n                    A nonexperimental, case-control study was conducted. Thirty-four healthy children and children living with T1DM were recruited. Participants underwent a clinical biomechanical examination followed by instrumented gait analysis using the Oxford Foot Model to investigate foot segment motion.\n                  <\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:bold>Results:<\/jats:bold>\n                    Children with T1DM demonstrated more dermatologic lesions and structural foot abnormalities, including claw toes (33.3%), hammertoes (22.2%), and hallux abducto valgus (11.1%), than their healthy counterparts. Gait analysis results indicate a significant difference between the two groups at the hindfoot-to-tibia angle at heel strike and toe-off, suggesting limited ankle joint motion.\n                  <\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:bold>Conclusions:<\/jats:bold>\n                    Children with T1DM demonstrated a higher frequency of structural foot pathologies than did healthy children possibly associated with limited ankle sagittal plane movement. Screening is warranted to identify and manage these conditions early to reduce their risk of more significant foot problems associated with DM in adulthood.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.7547\/21-134","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,9]],"date-time":"2024-01-09T16:34:40Z","timestamp":1704818080000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["A Biomechanical Investigation of Children with Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus: Are Children\u2019s Feet a Precursor to Adulthood Foot Complications?"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"113","author":[{"given":"Roxanne","family":"Agius","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Malta, Msida, Malta."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cynthia","family":"Formosa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Malta, Msida, Malta."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Darren","family":"Sillato","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Malta, Msida, Malta."},{"name":"Department of Health, Msida, Malta."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tiziana","family":"Mifsud","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Malta, Msida, Malta."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"John G.","family":"Torpiano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Health, Msida, Malta."},{"name":"Faculty of Medicine and Surgery, University of Malta, Msida, Malta."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alfred","family":"Gatt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Malta, Msida, Malta."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","reference":[{"key":"B1","series-title":"Curr Diab Rep","first-page":"86","article-title":"Epidemiology of peripheral neuropathy and lower extremity disease in diabetes","volume":"19","author":"Hicks CW","year":"2019","unstructured":"Hicks CW, Selvin E: Epidemiology of peripheral neuropathy and lower extremity disease in diabetes. 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