{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,8]],"date-time":"2026-10-08T13:47:39Z","timestamp":1791467259699,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":18,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"6","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    <jats:bold>Background:<\/jats:bold>\n                    Kaposi sarcoma (KS) has multiple clinical variants, and most frequently presents on the lower extremities. Anti\u2013human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) therapy has significantly reduced the incidence of KS. However, KS is still prevalent in both HIV-infected and HIV-uninfected patients. This case series analysis aims to reveal the clinical presentations, differential diagnosis, and treatment options of KS on the foot and ankle.\n                  <\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:bold>Methods:<\/jats:bold>\n                    Eleven cases of KS involving the foot and ankle were retrieved from our patient database, and their clinicopathologic features were analyzed.\n                  <\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:bold>Results:<\/jats:bold>\n                    All patients were men, aged 29 to 85 years. Two types of KS were found: classic and acquired immunodeficiency syndrome\u2013associated epidemic. The average ages of classic and epidemic KS were 65.7 and 41.8 years, respectively. Clinically, three patients manifested multiple erythematous or deep violaceous, or blue-violaceous macules on either the dorsal or plantar surfaces of both feet. Eight patients showed exophytic, pyogenic granuloma-like nodules on the plantar surface, heels, and toes. Histologically, all KSs had uniform intervening fascicles of elongated spindle cells with slit-like vascular spaces filled with red blood cells and immunoreactivity with human herpesvirus-8. The patients were treated according to HIV infection status. Human immunodeficiency virus\u2013infected patients were treated with anti-HIV therapy after primary surgical excision or biopsy. Human immunodeficiency virus\u2013negative patients were treated with either surgical excision, Mohs surgery, or a combination of surgical excision and local radiotherapy according to individual patient clinical presentation.\n                  <\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:bold>Conclusions:<\/jats:bold>\n                    Kaposi sarcoma is still prevalent in both HIV-infected and HIV-uninfected patients with a variety of clinical presentations. Biopsy, with histologic evaluation, in combination with immunohistochemistry is essential for the differential diagnosis. The patient should be treated according their clinical manifestation, staging, comorbidity, and immune function.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.7547\/21-175","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,9]],"date-time":"2024-01-09T16:34:31Z","timestamp":1704818071000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Clinicopathologic Characterization of Kaposi Sarcoma on the Foot and Ankle: Analysis of 11 Patients Seen in Our Clinics"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"113","author":[{"given":"Xingpei","family":"Hao","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Foot and Ankle Specialists of the Mid-Atlantic, Rockville, MD."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Seth","family":"Rubenstein","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Foot and Ankle Specialists of the Mid-Atlantic, Reston, VA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joon","family":"Yim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Foot and Ankle Specialists of the Mid-Atlantic, Rockville, MD."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Erin","family":"Robles-Sherman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Foot and Ankle Specialists of the Mid-Atlantic, Rockville, MD."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lee","family":"Firestone","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Foot and Ankle Specialists of the Mid-Atlantic, Chevy Chase, MD"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alvin","family":"Bannerjee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Foot and Ankle Specialists of the Mid-Atlantic, Washington, DC."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David","family":"Vieweger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Foot and Ankle Specialists of the Mid-Atlantic, Washington, DC."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elizabeth","family":"Daughtry","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Foot and Ankle Specialists of the Mid-Atlantic, Dunn, NC."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michelle","family":"Le","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Foot and Ankle Specialists of the Mid-Atlantic, Rockville, MD."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gene","family":"Mirkin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Foot and Ankle Specialists of the Mid-Atlantic, Annapolis, MD."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","reference":[{"key":"B1","series-title":"Science","first-page":"1865","article-title":"Identification of herpesvirus-like DNA sequences in aids-associated Kaposi\u2019s sarcoma","volume":"266","author":"Chang Y","year":"1994","unstructured":"Chang Y, Cesarman E, Pessin MS, et al: Identification of herpesvirus-like DNA sequences in aids-associated Kaposi\u2019s sarcoma. 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J Dermatol 45: e177, 2018."},{"key":"B16","series-title":"J Dermatol","first-page":"425","article-title":"Unusual case of pyogenic granuloma-like Kaposi\u2019s sarcoma on the sole","volume":"42","author":"Lee MK","year":"2015","unstructured":"Lee MK, Ku SH, Cho EB, et al: Unusual case of pyogenic granuloma-like Kaposi\u2019s sarcoma on the sole. J Dermatol 42: 425, 2015."},{"issue":"8","key":"B17","series-title":"Clin Diabetes Endocrinol","article-title":"A case of mistaken identity: classic Kaposi sarcoma misdiagnosed as a diabetic foot ulcer in an atypical patient","volume":"5","author":"Torrence GM","year":"2019","unstructured":"Torrence GM, Wrobel JS: A case of mistaken identity: classic Kaposi sarcoma misdiagnosed as a diabetic foot ulcer in an atypical patient. Clin Diabetes Endocrinol 5: 8, 2019."},{"key":"B18","series-title":"Dermatol Surg","first-page":"1232","article-title":"Mohs micrographic surgery for exophytic Kaposi sarcoma","volume":"46","author":"Soleymani T","year":"2020","unstructured":"Soleymani T, Bennett RG: Mohs micrographic surgery for exophytic Kaposi sarcoma. Dermatol Surg 46: 1232, 2020."}],"container-title":["Journal of the American Podiatric Medical Association"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/japmaonline.org\/view\/journals\/apms\/113\/6\/21-175.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/japmaonline.org\/downloadpdf\/journals\/apms\/113\/6\/21-175.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/japmaonline.org\/downloadpdf\/journals\/apms\/113\/6\/21-175.xml","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,8]],"date-time":"2026-07-08T10:19:27Z","timestamp":1783505967000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1930-8264\/113\/6\/21175"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,11]]},"references-count":18,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6"},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7547\/21-175","relation":{},"ISSN":["8750-7315"],"issn-type":[{"value":"8750-7315","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,11]]}}}