{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,8]],"date-time":"2026-07-08T11:15:08Z","timestamp":1783509308842,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":59,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"6","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    <jats:bold>Background:<\/jats:bold>\n                    Hyperkeratosis is a hypertrophic thickening of the skin. A callus (tyloma) is considered diffuse thickening, whereas a corn\u2014also known as a clavus, heloma durum, or intractable plantar hyperkeratosis (IPK)\u2014is a more focal, circumscribed hyperkeratotic lesion with a central conical core of keratin. Treatment (including surgical excision) of plantar keratoses is often sought because of pain and discomfort. The aim of this study was to collect and chart data regarding the surgical excision of plantar corns. The emerging themes were then mapped so that suggestions for areas of future research could be made.\n                  <\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:bold>Methods:<\/jats:bold>\n                    A scoping review of the literature was performed using the six-stage methodologic framework (minus stage 6) proposed by Arksey and O\u2019Malley incorporating the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses extension for scoping reviews reporting guideline. A database search by means of the United Kingdom National Health Service Care Advanced Database Search yielded 1,056 articles, 12 of which appeared to be of potential relevance. After removing five duplicate articles, this total was reduced to seven, which were retrieved as full texts. Three were excluded. Thirteen further articles were found through Google Scholar and reference lists from the full texts retrieved to give 17 articles for review. One was discounted as not being in English\/irrelevant; and one article did not relate to IPK excision, leaving 15 articles for data extraction.\n                  <\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:bold>Results:<\/jats:bold>\n                    Iterative charting of the included articles yielded overlapping codes and two main themes. The first theme was closure: by primary intention (with or without a skin flap) or by secondary intention. The second theme was whether excision was performed in combination with IPK excision with other (bony) surgery.\n                  <\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:bold>Conclusions:<\/jats:bold>\n                    There is modest evidence that excision of the lesion with either primary closure or healing by means of secondary intention can be useful for the management of IPKs. A further consideration is an emerging hypothesis that many of these IPKs are viral in origin, rather than mechanical, which implies that prospective studies are required with cross-reference to lesion excision by anatomical site and histopathologic confirmation of the diagnosis.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.7547\/22-044","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,9]],"date-time":"2024-01-09T16:35:20Z","timestamp":1704818120000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Surgical Excision of Intractable Plantar Keratoses (Corns) of the Foot: A Scoping Review"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"113","author":[{"given":"Ian N.","family":"Reilly","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Northamptonshire Healthcare NHS Foundation Trust, Daventry, Northants, United Kingdom."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Belinda","family":"Longhurst","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The SMAE Institute, Maidenhead, Berkshire, United Kingdom."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tracey C.","family":"Vlahovic","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Podiatric Medicine, Temple University School of Podiatric Medicine, Philadelphia, PA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","reference":[{"key":"B1","series-title":"Br J Dermatol","first-page":"767","article-title":"Specialized keratin expression pattern in human ridged skin as an adaptation to high physical stress","volume":"139","author":"Swensson O","year":"1998","unstructured":"Swensson O, Langbein L, McMillan JR, et al: Specialized keratin expression pattern in human ridged skin as an adaptation to high physical stress. Br J Dermatol 139: 767, 1998."},{"issue":"suppl 10","key":"B2","series-title":"Nurse Prescribing","first-page":"4","article-title":"The management and treatment of hyperkeratosis","volume":"15","author":"Elwell R","year":"2017","unstructured":"Elwell R: The management and treatment of hyperkeratosis. Nurse Prescribing 15 (suppl 10): 4, 2017."},{"issue":"1","key":"B3","series-title":"J Foot Ankle Res","article-title":"Distribution and correlates of plantar hyperkeratotic lesions in older people","volume":"2","author":"Spink MJ","year":"2009","unstructured":"Spink MJ, Menz HB, Lord SR: Distribution and correlates of plantar hyperkeratotic lesions in older people. J Foot Ankle Res 2: 1, 2009."},{"key":"B4","series-title":"Br J Dermatol","first-page":"495","article-title":"Callus formation is associated with hyperproliferation and incomplete differentiation of keratinocytes, and increased expression of adhesion molecules","volume":"163","author":"Kim SH","year":"2010","unstructured":"Kim SH, Kim S, Choi HI, et al: Callus formation is associated with hyperproliferation and incomplete differentiation of keratinocytes, and increased expression of adhesion molecules. Br J Dermatol 163: 495, 2010."},{"issue":"1","key":"B5","series-title":"J Foot Ankle Res","article-title":"Characterising the biophysical properties of normal and hyperkeratotic foot skin","volume":"8","author":"Hashmi F","year":"2015","unstructured":"Hashmi F, Nester C, Wright C, et al: Characterising the biophysical properties of normal and hyperkeratotic foot skin. J Foot Ankle Res 8: 1, 2015."},{"key":"B6","series-title":"Exp Dermatol","first-page":"665","article-title":"Nicotine effects on skin: are they positive or negative?","volume":"13","author":"Misery L","year":"2004","unstructured":"Misery L: Nicotine effects on skin: are they positive or negative? Exp Dermatol 13: 665, 2004."},{"key":"B7","series-title":"StatPearls, StatPearls Publishing","article-title":"Corns","author":"Al Aboud AM","year":"2020","unstructured":"Al Aboud AM, Yarrarapu S: \u201cCorns,\u201d in StatPearls, StatPearls Publishing, Treasure Island, FL, 2020."},{"key":"B8","series-title":"Indian J Dermatol Venereol Leprol","first-page":"885","article-title":"Foot that hurts: a brief note on the history of corns and calluses","volume":"87","author":"Mukhopadhyay AK","year":"2021","unstructured":"Mukhopadhyay AK: Foot that hurts: a brief note on the history of corns and calluses. Indian J Dermatol Venereol Leprol 87: 885, 2021."},{"key":"B9","series-title":"Foot","first-page":"12","article-title":"A comparison of electrosurgery and sharp debridement in the treatment of chronic neurovascular, neurofibrous and hard corns. A pragmatic randomised controlled trial","volume":"20","author":"Bevans JS","year":"2010","unstructured":"Bevans JS, Bosson G: A comparison of electrosurgery and sharp debridement in the treatment of chronic neurovascular, neurofibrous and hard corns. A pragmatic randomised controlled trial. Foot 20: 12, 2010."},{"key":"B10","series-title":"Am Fam Physician","first-page":"2277","article-title":"Corns and calluses resulting from mechanical hyperkeratosis","volume":"65","author":"Freeman DB","year":"2002","unstructured":"Freeman DB: Corns and calluses resulting from mechanical hyperkeratosis. Am Fam Physician 65: 2277, 2002."},{"key":"B11","series-title":"A Treatise on Corns, Bunions, the Diseases of Nails, and the General Management of the Feet","first-page":"24","author":"Durlacher L","year":"1845","unstructured":"Durlacher L: A Treatise on Corns, Bunions, the Diseases of Nails, and the General Management of the Feet, p 24, Lea & Blanchard, Philadelphia, 1845."},{"key":"B12","series-title":"Textbook of Chiropody","first-page":"22","article-title":"The Skin","author":"Swanson MJM","year":"1948","unstructured":"Swanson MJM: \u201cThe Skin,\u201d in Textbook of Chiropody, p 22, Williams & Wilkins, Baltimore, 1948."},{"key":"B13","series-title":"S Med J","first-page":"615","article-title":"Painful cutaneous lesions of the feet","volume":"63","author":"Montgomery RM","year":"1970","unstructured":"Montgomery RM: Painful cutaneous lesions of the feet. 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Int J Nursing Stud 46: 1386, 2009."},{"key":"B23","series-title":"Int J Soc Res Methodol","first-page":"19","article-title":"Scoping studies: towards a methodological framework","volume":"8","author":"Arksey H","year":"2005","unstructured":"Arksey H, O\u2019Malley L: Scoping studies: towards a methodological framework. Int J Soc Res Methodol 8: 19, 2005."},{"key":"B24","series-title":"JBI Evidence Implement","first-page":"141","article-title":"Guidance for conducting systematic scoping reviews","volume":"13","author":"Peters MD","year":"2015","unstructured":"Peters MD, Godfrey CM, Khalil H, et al: Guidance for conducting systematic scoping reviews. JBI Evidence Implement 13: 141, 2015."},{"key":"B25","series-title":"Implement Sci","first-page":"69","article-title":"Scoping studies: advancing the methodology","volume":"5","author":"Levac D","year":"2010","unstructured":"Levac D, Colquhoun H, O\u2019Brien KK: Scoping studies: advancing the methodology. 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Cutis 46: 145, 1990."},{"key":"B36","series-title":"Photodiagnosis Photodyn Ther","first-page":"276","article-title":"Curettage+ microneedling+ topical ALA-PDT for the treatment of acral resistant warts: our experience","volume":"27","author":"Caccavale S","year":"2019","unstructured":"Caccavale S, Iocco A, Pieretti G, et al: Curettage+ microneedling+ topical ALA-PDT for the treatment of acral resistant warts: our experience. Photodiagnosis Photodyn Ther 27: 276, 2019."},{"key":"B37","series-title":"Open Access Maced J Med Sci","first-page":"326","article-title":"Comparative clinical efficacy between electrodesiccation with curettage and application of 80% phenol solution in treatment of common warts","volume":"6","author":"Dalimunthe DA","year":"2018","unstructured":"Dalimunthe DA, Siregar R, Tanjung C: Comparative clinical efficacy between electrodesiccation with curettage and application of 80% phenol solution in treatment of common warts. 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