{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,8]],"date-time":"2026-07-08T11:14:58Z","timestamp":1783509298580,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":76,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    <jats:bold>Background:<\/jats:bold>\n                    This study aimed to compare two-point discrimination in feet with ankle sprains and feet without ankle problems, and to determine whether there was a change in the two-point discrimination values in ankle sprains.\n                  <\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:bold>Methods:<\/jats:bold>\n                    A total of 108 people were included in the study. These subjects were aged between 18 and 40 years and visited the Medical Faculty of Yozgat Bozok University for various reasons in July and September of 2022. These people were divided into two groups: subjects with an ankle sprain and subjects with no ankle problems. Two-point discrimination values measured in millimeters were recorded for both groups using a caliper (esthesiometer) used in six regions of 216 feet. The two-point discrimination threshold values of the feet were compared statistically according to feet with ankle sprains and feet without ankle problems, and in right and left feet.\n                  <\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:bold>Results:<\/jats:bold>\n                    The study determined that the two-point discrimination threshold values measured at the first toe tip, heel, third plantar metatarsal head, medial malleolus, and lateral malleolus in subjects with an ankle sprain was higher than in subjects with no ankle problems. When comparing both feet of the subjects with an ankle sprain, the two-point discrimination threshold value in the heel of the foot with an ankle sprain was higher than in the heel of the foot without ankle problems.\n                  <\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:bold>Conclusions:<\/jats:bold>\n                    The two-point discrimination threshold value was higher in subjects with an ankle sprain than in subjects with no ankle problems. The data suggest that the two-point discrimination threshold may be higher in people with an ankle sprain. Further studies are needed to better understand the two-point discrimination threshold in ankle sprains.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.7547\/22-192","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,29]],"date-time":"2023-08-29T14:58:22Z","timestamp":1693321102000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Two-Point Discrimination in Feet with Ankle Sprains"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"114","author":[{"given":"Hac\u0131 ali","family":"Olcar","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Yozgat Bozok Medical Faculty, Yozgat Bozok \u00dcniversity, Yozgat, Turkey."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"\u00d6kke\u015f H.","family":"Miniksar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Yozgat Bozok Medical Faculty, Yozgat Bozok \u00dcniversity, Yozgat, Turkey."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Berna","family":"G\u00fcng\u00f6r","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"\u00c7anakkale Onsekiz Mart Medical Faculty, \u00c7anakkale, Turkey."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tolgahan","family":"Kuru","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"\u00c7anakkale Onsekiz Mart Medical Faculty, \u00c7anakkale, Turkey."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Enes E.","family":"Kapukaya","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Yozgat Bozok Medical Faculty, Yozgat Bozok \u00dcniversity, Yozgat, Turkey."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Davut","family":"Ayd\u0131n","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Yozgat Bozok Medical Faculty, Yozgat Bozok \u00dcniversity, Yozgat, Turkey."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Murat","family":"Korkmaz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Yozgat Bozok Medical Faculty, Yozgat Bozok \u00dcniversity, Yozgat, Turkey."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","reference":[{"key":"B1","series-title":"Foot Ankle Int","first-page":"854","article-title":"Current concepts: lateral ankle instability","volume":"27","author":"DiGiovanni CW","year":"2006","unstructured":"DiGiovanni CW, Brodsky A: Current concepts: lateral ankle instability. Foot Ankle Int 27: 854, 2006."},{"key":"B2","series-title":"World J Orthop","first-page":"534","article-title":"Acute ankle sprain in athletes: clinical aspects and algorithmic approach","volume":"11","author":"Halabchi F","year":"2020","unstructured":"Halabchi F, Hassabi M: Acute ankle sprain in athletes: clinical aspects and algorithmic approach. World J Orthop 11: 534, 2020."},{"key":"B3","series-title":"J Athl Training","first-page":"133","article-title":"Chronic ankle instability: evolution of the model","volume":"46","author":"Hiller CE","year":"2011","unstructured":"Hiller CE, Kilbreath SL, Refshauge KM: Chronic ankle instability: evolution of the model. J Athl Training 46: 133, 2011."},{"key":"B4","series-title":"J Bone Joint Surg Am","first-page":"761","article-title":"Treatment of ruptures of the lateral ankle ligaments: a meta-analysis","volume":"82","author":"Pijnenburg AC","year":"2000","unstructured":"Pijnenburg AC, Van Dijk CN, Bossuyt PM, et al: Treatment of ruptures of the lateral ankle ligaments: a meta-analysis. J Bone Joint Surg Am 82: 761, 2000."},{"key":"B5","series-title":"Br J Sports Med","first-page":"103","article-title":"Ankle injuries in basketball: injury rate and risk factors","volume":"35","author":"McKay GD","year":"2001","unstructured":"McKay GD, Goldie PA, Payne WR, et al: Ankle injuries in basketball: injury rate and risk factors. Br J Sports Med 35: 103, 2001."},{"key":"B6","series-title":"Am J Sports Med","first-page":"1549","article-title":"Ligamentous injuries and the risk of associated tissue damage in acute ankle sprains in athletes: a cross-sectional MRI study","volume":"42","author":"Roemer FW","year":"2014","unstructured":"Roemer FW, Jomaah N, Niu J, et al: Ligamentous injuries and the risk of associated tissue damage in acute ankle sprains in athletes: a cross-sectional MRI study. Am J Sports Med 42: 1549, 2014."},{"key":"B7","series-title":"Eur Radiol","first-page":"6336","article-title":"MRI of ankle sprain: the association between joint effusion and structural injury severity in a large cohort of athletes","volume":"29","author":"Crema MD","year":"2019","unstructured":"Crema MD, Krivokapic B, Guermazi A, et al: MRI of ankle sprain: the association between joint effusion and structural injury severity in a large cohort of athletes. Eur Radiol 29: 6336, 2019."},{"key":"B8","series-title":"Br J Sports Med","first-page":"291","article-title":"Rehabilitation of ligamentous ankle injuries: a review of recent studies","volume":"37","author":"Z\u00f6ch C","year":"2003","unstructured":"Z\u00f6ch C, Fialka-Moser V, Quittan M: Rehabilitation of ligamentous ankle injuries: a review of recent studies. Br J Sports Med 37: 291, 2003."},{"key":"B9","series-title":"J Athl Train","first-page":"305","article-title":"Systematic review of postural control and lateral ankle instability, part II: is balance training clinically effective?","volume":"43","author":"McKeon PO","year":"2008","unstructured":"McKeon PO, Hertel J: Systematic review of postural control and lateral ankle instability, part II: is balance training clinically effective? J Athl Train 43: 305, 2008."},{"key":"B10","series-title":"Clinical Decisions in Therapeutic Exercise: Planning and Implementation","first-page":"273","article-title":"Training for Proprioception and Kinesthesia","author":"Ogard WK","year":"2006","unstructured":"Ogard WK: \u201cTraining for Proprioception and Kinesthesia,\u201d in Clinical Decisions in Therapeutic Exercise: Planning and Implementation, edited by J Nyland, p 273, Upper Saddle River, NJ, Pearson-Prentice Hall, 2006."},{"key":"B11","series-title":"J Bone Joint Surg Br","first-page":"669","article-title":"Instability of the foot after injuries to the lateral ligament of the ankle","volume":"47","author":"Freeman MAR","year":"1965","unstructured":"Freeman MAR: Instability of the foot after injuries to the lateral ligament of the ankle. J Bone Joint Surg Br 47: 669, 1965."},{"key":"B12","series-title":"Med Biol End Comput","first-page":"181","article-title":"Postural stability in stroke patients: vectorial expression of asymmetry, sway activity and relative sequence of reactive forces","volume":"27","author":"Mizrahi J","year":"1989","unstructured":"Mizrahi J, Solzi P, Ring H, et al: Postural stability in stroke patients: vectorial expression of asymmetry, sway activity and relative sequence of reactive forces. Med Biol End Comput 27: 181, 1989."},{"key":"B13","series-title":"JAPMA","first-page":"243","article-title":"Postural sway following inversion sprain of the ankle","volume":"81","author":"Cornwall MW","year":"1991","unstructured":"Cornwall MW, Murrell P: Postural sway following inversion sprain of the ankle. JAPMA 81: 243, 1991."},{"key":"B14","series-title":"J Sci Med Sport","first-page":"2,","article-title":"Evidence of sensorimotor deficits in functional ankle instability: a systematic review with meta-analysis","volume":"13","author":"Munn J","year":"2010","unstructured":"Munn J, Sullivan SJ, Schneiders AG: Evidence of sensorimotor deficits in functional ankle instability: a systematic review with meta-analysis. J Sci Med Sport 13: 2, 2010."},{"key":"B15","series-title":"J Orthop Sports Phys Ther","first-page":"303","article-title":"The effect of a 4-week comprehensive rehabilitation program on postural control and lower extremity function in individuals with chronic ankle instability","volume":"37","author":"Hale SA","year":"2007","unstructured":"Hale SA, Hertel J, Olmsted-Kramer LC: The effect of a 4-week comprehensive rehabilitation program on postural control and lower extremity function in individuals with chronic ankle instability. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther 37: 303, 2007."},{"key":"B16","series-title":"BMJ Open","first-page":"e032155","article-title":"Dynamic balance and ankle injury odds: a prospective study in 196 Dutch physical education teacher education students","volume":"9","author":"Bliekendaal S","year":"2019","unstructured":"Bliekendaal S, Stubbe J, Verhagen E: Dynamic balance and ankle injury odds: a prospective study in 196 Dutch physical education teacher education students. BMJ Open 9: e032155, 2019."},{"key":"B17","series-title":"J Athl Train","first-page":"213","article-title":"Using balance tests to discriminate between participants with a recent index lateral ankle sprain and healthy control participants: a cross-sectional study","volume":"51","author":"Pourkazemi F","year":"2016","unstructured":"Pourkazemi F, Hiller C, Raymond J, et al: Using balance tests to discriminate between participants with a recent index lateral ankle sprain and healthy control participants: a cross-sectional study. J Athl Train 51: 213, 2016."},{"key":"B18","series-title":"Sports Med","first-page":"189","article-title":"Factors contributing to chronic ankle instability: a systematic review and meta-analysis of systematic reviews","volume":"48","author":"Thompson C","year":"2018","unstructured":"Thompson C, Schabrun S, Romero R, et al: Factors contributing to chronic ankle instability: a systematic review and meta-analysis of systematic reviews. Sports Med 48: 189, 2018."},{"key":"B19","series-title":"Med Sci Sports Exerc","first-page":"413","article-title":"Neuromuscular training for sports injury prevention: a systematic review","volume":"42","author":"H\u00fcbscher M","year":"2010","unstructured":"H\u00fcbscher M, Zech A, Pfeifer K, et al: Neuromuscular training for sports injury prevention: a systematic review. Med Sci Sports Exerc 42: 413, 2010."},{"key":"B20","series-title":"JAPMA","first-page":"5","article-title":"Evaluation of plantar foot sensation, balance, physical performance, and fear of movement in substance use disorders","volume":"110","author":"Erdo\u011fano\u011flu Y","year":"2020","unstructured":"Erdo\u011fano\u011flu Y, Sayaca \u00c7, \u00c7al\u0131k M, et al: Evaluation of plantar foot sensation, balance, physical performance, and fear of movement in substance use disorders. JAPMA 110: Article_5. 2020."},{"key":"B21","series-title":"Exp Brain Res","first-page":"981","article-title":"Ankle complex proprioception and plantar cutaneous sensation in older women with different physical activity levels","volume":"240","author":"Yang N","year":"2022","unstructured":"Yang N, Adams R, Waddington G, et al: Ankle complex proprioception and plantar cutaneous sensation in older women with different physical activity levels. Exp Brain Res 240: 981, 2022."},{"key":"B22","series-title":"Gait Posture","first-page":"245","article-title":"Balance and the brain: a review of structural brain correlates of postural balance and balance training in humans","volume":"71","author":"Surgent OJ","year":"2019","unstructured":"Surgent OJ, Dadalko OI, Pickett KA, et al: Balance and the brain: a review of structural brain correlates of postural balance and balance training in humans. Gait Posture 71: 245, 2019."},{"key":"B23","series-title":"Front Sports Act Living","first-page":"94","article-title":"Interactions between different age-related factors affecting balance control in walking","volume":"2","author":"Reimann H","year":"2020","unstructured":"Reimann H, Ramadan R, Fettrow T, et al: Interactions between different age-related factors affecting balance control in walking. Front Sports Act Living 2: 94, 2020."},{"key":"B24","series-title":"Braz J Phys Ther","first-page":"304","article-title":"Joint positioning sense, perceived force level and two-point discrimination tests of young and active elderly adults","volume":"19","author":"Franco PG","year":"2015","unstructured":"Franco PG, Santos KB, Rodacki AL: Joint positioning sense, perceived force level and two-point discrimination tests of young and active elderly adults. Braz J Phys Ther 19: 304, 2015."},{"key":"B25","series-title":"Int J Diabetes Dev Ctries","first-page":"71","article-title":"Correlation between two-point discrimination with other measures of sensory loss in diabetes mellitus patients","volume":"28","author":"Periyasamy R","year":"2008","unstructured":"Periyasamy R, Manivannan M, Narayanamurthy VB: Correlation between two-point discrimination with other measures of sensory loss in diabetes mellitus patients. Int J Diabetes Dev Ctries 28: 71, 2008."},{"key":"B26","series-title":"Gait Posture","first-page":"275","article-title":"Relationship between foot sensation and standing balance in patients with multiple sclerosis","volume":"34","author":"Citaker S","year":"2011","unstructured":"Citaker S, Gunduz AG, Guclu MB, et al: Relationship between foot sensation and standing balance in patients with multiple sclerosis. Gait Posture 34: 275, 2011."},{"key":"B27","series-title":"J Diabetes Sci Technol","first-page":"931","article-title":"The effect of reduced somatosensation on standing balance: a systematic review","volume":"3","author":"Kars HJ","year":"2009","unstructured":"Kars HJ, Hijmans JM, Geertzen JH, et al: The effect of reduced somatosensation on standing balance: a systematic review. J Diabetes Sci Technol 3: 931, 2009."},{"key":"B28","series-title":"J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med","first-page":"866","article-title":"Foot and ankle risk factors for falls in older people: a prospective study","volume":"61","author":"Menz HB","year":"2006","unstructured":"Menz HB, Morris ME, Lord SR: Foot and ankle risk factors for falls in older people: a prospective study. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med 61: 866, 2006."},{"key":"B29","series-title":"Gerontol Geriatr Med","first-page":"2333721416644149","article-title":"Improved balance confidence and stability for elderly after 6 weeks of a multimodal self-administered balance-enhancing exercise program: a randomized single arm crossover study","volume":"2","author":"Hafstr\u00f6m A","year":"2016","unstructured":"Hafstr\u00f6m A, Malmstr\u00f6m EM, Terd\u00e8n J, et al: Improved balance confidence and stability for elderly after 6 weeks of a multimodal self-administered balance-enhancing exercise program: a randomized single arm crossover study. Gerontol Geriatr Med 2: 2333721416644149, 2016."},{"key":"B30","series-title":"Biomed Res Int","first-page":"842804,","article-title":"The role of ankle proprioception for balance control in relation to sports performance and injury","volume":"2015","author":"Han J","year":"2015","unstructured":"Han J, Anson J, Waddington G, et al: The role of ankle proprioception for balance control in relation to sports performance and injury. Biomed Res Int 2015: 842804, 2015."},{"key":"B31","series-title":"Front Neurol","first-page":"857406","article-title":"Postural sway in Parkinson\u2019s disease and multiple sclerosis patients during tasks with different complexity","volume":"13","author":"Warmerdam E","year":"2022","unstructured":"Warmerdam E, Schumacher M, Beyer T, et al: Postural sway in Parkinson\u2019s disease and multiple sclerosis patients during tasks with different complexity. Front Neurol 13: 857406. 2022."},{"key":"B32","series-title":"Phys Med Rehabil Clin N Am","first-page":"713","article-title":"Normal changes in gait and mobility problems in the elderly","volume":"28","author":"Cruz-Jimenez M","year":"2017","unstructured":"Cruz-Jimenez M: Normal changes in gait and mobility problems in the elderly. Phys Med Rehabil Clin N Am 28: 713, 2017."},{"key":"B33","series-title":"Acta Orthop Traumatol Turc","first-page":"518","article-title":"Is plantar foot sensation affected in patients with gonarthrosis","volume":"55","author":"Ta\u015fc\u0131lar LN","year":"2021","unstructured":"Ta\u015fc\u0131lar LN, Kaya Utlu D, Sayaca \u00c7, et al: Is plantar foot sensation affected in patients with gonarthrosis. Acta Orthop Traumatol Turc 55: 518, 2021."},{"key":"B34","series-title":"Tohoku J Exp Med","first-page":"159","article-title":"Saccadic eye movement improves plantar sensation and postural balance in elderly women","volume":"239","author":"Bae Y","year":"2016","unstructured":"Bae Y: Saccadic eye movement improves plantar sensation and postural balance in elderly women. Tohoku J Exp Med 239: 159, 2016."},{"key":"B35","series-title":"J Sci Med Sport","first-page":"910","article-title":"Effects of reduced plantar cutaneous sensation on static postural control in individuals with and without chronic ankle instability","volume":"20","author":"Song K","year":"2017","unstructured":"Song K, Kang TK, Wikstrom EA, et al: Effects of reduced plantar cutaneous sensation on static postural control in individuals with and without chronic ankle instability. J Sci Med Sport 20: 910, 2017."},{"key":"B36","series-title":"Clin Biomech (Bristol, Avon","first-page":"308","article-title":"Plantar pressure distribution in gait is not affected by targeted reduced plantar cutaneous sensation","volume":"24","author":"H\u00f6hne A","year":"2009","unstructured":"H\u00f6hne A, Stark C, Br\u00fcggemann GP: Plantar pressure distribution in gait is not affected by targeted reduced plantar cutaneous sensation. Clin Biomech (Bristol, Avon) 24: 308, 2009."},{"key":"B37","series-title":"Clin Biomech (Bristol, Avon","first-page":"719","article-title":"The effect of changes in foot sensation on plantar pressure and muscle activity","volume":"16","author":"Nurse MA","year":"2001","unstructured":"Nurse MA, Nigg BM: The effect of changes in foot sensation on plantar pressure and muscle activity. Clin Biomech (Bristol, Avon) 16: 719, 2001."},{"key":"B38","series-title":"Top Stroke Rehabil","first-page":"326","article-title":"The relationship of plantar cutaneous sensation and standing balance post-stroke","volume":"23","author":"Parsons SL","year":"2016","unstructured":"Parsons SL, Mansfield A, Inness EL, et al: The relationship of plantar cutaneous sensation and standing balance post-stroke. Top Stroke Rehabil 23: 326, 2016."},{"key":"B39","series-title":"J Diabetes Sci Technol","first-page":"693","article-title":"Using plantar electrical stimulation to improve postural balance and plantar sensation among patients with diabetic peripheral neuropathy: a randomized double blinded study","volume":"11","author":"Najafi B","year":"2017","unstructured":"Najafi B, Talal TK, Grewal GS, et al: Using plantar electrical stimulation to improve postural balance and plantar sensation among patients with diabetic peripheral neuropathy: a randomized double blinded study. J Diabetes Sci Technol 11: 693, 2017."},{"key":"B40","series-title":"Clin Biomech (Bristol, Avon","first-page":"493","article-title":"Sensitivity of plantar cutaneous sensation and postural stability","volume":"23","author":"Wang TY","year":"2008","unstructured":"Wang TY, Lin SI: Sensitivity of plantar cutaneous sensation and postural stability. Clin Biomech (Bristol, Avon) 23: 493, 2008."},{"key":"B41","series-title":"JAPMA","first-page":"383","article-title":"A model to assess age-related changes in two-point discrimination of plantar skin","volume":"89","author":"Lynch W","year":"1999","unstructured":"Lynch W, Mooney J: A model to assess age-related changes in two-point discrimination of plantar skin. JAPMA 89: 383, 1999."},{"key":"B42","series-title":"Arch Gerontol Geriatr","first-page":"19","article-title":"The effects of plantar perception training on balance and falls efficacy of the elderly with a history of falls: a single-blind, randomized controlled trial","volume":"77","author":"Park JH","year":"2018","unstructured":"Park JH: The effects of plantar perception training on balance and falls efficacy of the elderly with a history of falls: a single-blind, randomized controlled trial. Arch Gerontol Geriatr 77: 19, 2018."},{"key":"B43","series-title":"Int J Environ Res Public Health","first-page":"5318","article-title":"Effect of chronic ankle sprain on pain, range of motion, proprioception, and balance among athletes","volume":"17","author":"Alghadir AH","year":"2020","unstructured":"Alghadir AH, Iqbal ZA, Iqbal A, et al: Effect of chronic ankle sprain on pain, range of motion, proprioception, and balance among athletes. Int J Environ Res Public Health 17: 5318, 2020."},{"key":"B44","series-title":"J Back Musculoskelet Rehabil","first-page":"437","article-title":"Effects of two proprioceptive training programs on ankle range of motion, pain, functional and balance performance in individuals with ankle sprain","volume":"31","author":"Lazarou L","year":"2018","unstructured":"Lazarou L, Kofotolis N, Pafis G, et al: Effects of two proprioceptive training programs on ankle range of motion, pain, functional and balance performance in individuals with ankle sprain. J Back Musculoskelet Rehabil 31: 437, 2018."},{"key":"B45","series-title":"Biomed Res Int","first-page":"9012930","article-title":"Effectiveness of low-frequency stimulation in proprioceptive neuromuscular facilitation techniques for post ankle sprain balance and proprioception in adults: a randomized controlled trial","volume":"2020","author":"Alahmari KA","year":"2020","unstructured":"Alahmari KA, Silvian P, Ahmad I, et al: Effectiveness of low-frequency stimulation in proprioceptive neuromuscular facilitation techniques for post ankle sprain balance and proprioception in adults: a randomized controlled trial. Biomed Res Int 2020: 9012930, 2020."},{"key":"B46","series-title":"J Sport Rehabil","first-page":"373","article-title":"Gait biomechanics following taping and bracing in patients with chronic ankle instability: a critically appraised topic","volume":"29","author":"Migel K","year":"2020","unstructured":"Migel K, Wikstrom E: Gait biomechanics following taping and bracing in patients with chronic ankle instability: a critically appraised topic. J Sport Rehabil 29: 373, 2020."},{"key":"B47","series-title":"PloS One","first-page":"e0216212","article-title":"Neuromodulation to improve gait and balance function using a sensory neuroprosthesis in people who report insensate feet\u2014a randomized control cross-over study","volume":"14","author":"Koehler-McNicholas SR","year":"2019","unstructured":"Koehler-McNicholas SR, Danzl L, Cataldo AY, et al: Neuromodulation to improve gait and balance function using a sensory neuroprosthesis in people who report insensate feet\u2014a randomized control cross-over study. PloS One 14: e0216212, 2019."},{"key":"B48","series-title":"Int J Sports Phys Ther","first-page":"993","article-title":"The influence of sensorimotor training modalities on balance, strength, joint function, and plantar foot sensitivity in recreational athletes with a history of ankle sprain: a randomized controlled pilot study","volume":"13","author":"Deussen S","year":"2018","unstructured":"Deussen S, Alfuth M: The influence of sensorimotor training modalities on balance, strength, joint function, and plantar foot sensitivity in recreational athletes with a history of ankle sprain: a randomized controlled pilot study. Int J Sports Phys Ther 13: 993, 2018."},{"key":"B49","series-title":"Top Stroke Rehabil","first-page":"326","article-title":"The relationship of plantar cutaneous sensation and standing balance post-stroke","volume":"23","author":"Parsons SL","year":"2016","unstructured":"Parsons SL, Mansfield A, Inness EL, et al: The relationship of plantar cutaneous sensation and standing balance post-stroke. Top Stroke Rehabil 23: 326, 2016."},{"key":"B50","series-title":"Tohoku J Exp Med","first-page":"159","article-title":"Saccadic eye movement improves plantar sensation and postural balance in elderly women","volume":"239","author":"Bae Y","year":"2016","unstructured":"Bae Y: Saccadic eye movement improves plantar sensation and postural balance in elderly women. Tohoku J Exp Med 239: 159, 2016."},{"key":"B51","series-title":"J Sport Rehabil","first-page":"824","article-title":"Recent ankle injury, sport participation level, and tests of proprioception","volume":"28","author":"Steinberg N","year":"2019","unstructured":"Steinberg N, Adams R, Ayalon M, et al: Recent ankle injury, sport participation level, and tests of proprioception. J Sport Rehabil 28: 824, 2019."},{"key":"B52","series-title":"Exp Brain Res","first-page":"505","article-title":"The role of plantar cutaneous sensation in unperturbed stance","volume":"156","author":"Meyer PF","year":"2004","unstructured":"Meyer PF, Oddsson LI, De Luca CJ: The role of plantar cutaneous sensation in unperturbed stance. Exp Brain Res 156: 505, 2004."},{"key":"B53","series-title":"Neuroimage","first-page":"148","article-title":"Structural changes in brain morphology induced by brief periods of repetitive sensory stimulation","volume":"165","author":"Schmidt-Wilcke T","year":"2018","unstructured":"Schmidt-Wilcke T, Wulms N, Heba S, et al: Structural changes in brain morphology induced by brief periods of repetitive sensory stimulation. Neuroimage 165: 148, 2018."},{"key":"B54","series-title":"Somatosens Mot Res","first-page":"55","article-title":"Plantar sensation, plantar pressure, and postural stability alterations and effects of visual status in older adults","volume":"39","author":"Unver B","year":"2022","unstructured":"Unver B, Bek N: Plantar sensation, plantar pressure, and postural stability alterations and effects of visual status in older adults. Somatosens Mot Res 39: 55, 2022."},{"key":"B55","series-title":"Foot (Edinb)","first-page":"159","article-title":"Effects of the site and extent of plantar cutaneous stimulation on dynamic balance and muscle activity while walking","volume":"25","author":"Collings R","year":"2015","unstructured":"Collings R, Paton J, Chockalingam N, et al: Effects of the site and extent of plantar cutaneous stimulation on dynamic balance and muscle activity while walking. Foot (Edinb) 25: 159, 2015."},{"key":"B56","series-title":"Arch Anat Physiol","first-page":"152","article-title":"Uber den Tastsinn","volume":"1","author":"Weber E","year":"1835","unstructured":"Weber E: Uber den Tastsinn. Arch Anat Physiol 1: 152, 1835."},{"key":"B57","series-title":"Scand J Rehabil Med","first-page":"127","article-title":"Two-point discrimination test. A valuable part of hand surgical rehabilitation, e.g. in tetraplegia","volume":"22","author":"Moberg E","year":"1990","unstructured":"Moberg E: Two-point discrimination test. A valuable part of hand surgical rehabilitation, e.g. in tetraplegia. Scand J Rehabil Med 22: 127, 1990."},{"key":"B58","series-title":"Rheumatology (Oxford)","first-page":"1454","article-title":"Assessing tactile acuity in rheumatology and musculoskeletal medicine\u2014how reliable are two-point discrimination tests at the neck, hand, back and foot?","volume":"52","author":"Catley MJ","year":"2013","unstructured":"Catley MJ, Tabor A, Wand BM, et al: Assessing tactile acuity in rheumatology and musculoskeletal medicine\u2014how reliable are two-point discrimination tests at the neck, hand, back and foot? Rheumatology (Oxford) 52: 1454, 2013."},{"key":"B59","series-title":"Phys Ther","first-page":"1424","article-title":"Limits of two-point discrimination ability in the lower limb in young adult men and women","volume":"63","author":"Nolan MF","year":"1983","unstructured":"Nolan MF: Limits of two-point discrimination ability in the lower limb in young adult men and women. Phys Ther 63: 1424, 1983."},{"key":"B60","series-title":"J Hand Surg","first-page":"552","article-title":"Evaluation of normal values for stationary and moving two-point discrimination in the hand","volume":"9","author":"Louis DS","year":"1984","unstructured":"Louis DS, Greene TL, Jacobson KE, et al: Evaluation of normal values for stationary and moving two-point discrimination in the hand. J Hand Surg 9: 552, 1984."},{"key":"B61","series-title":"Dev Med Child Neurol","first-page":"523","article-title":"Evaluation of two-point discrimination in children: reliability, effects of passive displacement and voluntary movements","volume":"38","author":"Menier C","year":"1996","unstructured":"Menier C, Forget R, Lambert J: Evaluation of two-point discrimination in children: reliability, effects of passive displacement and voluntary movements. Dev Med Child Neurol 38: 523, 1996."},{"key":"B62","series-title":"J Hand Surg Am","first-page":"693","article-title":"Reliability of two-point discrimination measurements","volume":"12","author":"Dellon AL","year":"1987","unstructured":"Dellon AL, Mackinnon SE, Crosby PM: Reliability of two-point discrimination measurements. J Hand Surg Am 12: 693, 1987."},{"key":"B63","series-title":"Acad Emerg Med","first-page":"710","article-title":"A calibrated paper clip is a reliable measure of two-point discrimination","volume":"11","author":"Finnell JT","year":"2004","unstructured":"Finnell JT, Knopp R, Johnson P, et al: A calibrated paper clip is a reliable measure of two-point discrimination. Acad Emerg Med 11: 710, 2004."},{"key":"B64","series-title":"J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry","first-page":"832","article-title":"Revising two-point discrimination assessment in normal aging and in patients with polyneuropathies","volume":"79","author":"van Nes SI","year":"2008","unstructured":"van Nes SI, Faber CG, Hamers RMTP, et al: Revising two-point discrimination assessment in normal aging and in patients with polyneuropathies. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 79: 832, 2008."},{"key":"B65","series-title":"J Neuroeng Rehabil","first-page":"64","article-title":"Self-reported gait unsteadiness in mildly impaired neurological patients: an objective assessment through statistical gait analysis","volume":"9","author":"Benedetti MG","year":"2012","unstructured":"Benedetti MG, Agostini V, Knaflitz M, et al: Self-reported gait unsteadiness in mildly impaired neurological patients: an objective assessment through statistical gait analysis. J Neuroeng Rehabil 9: 64, 2012."},{"key":"B66","series-title":"Med Eng Phys","first-page":"441","article-title":"Analysis of heel pad tissues mechanics at the heel strike in bare and shod conditions","volume":"35","author":"Fontanella CG","year":"2013","unstructured":"Fontanella CG, Forestiero A, Carniel EL, et al: Analysis of heel pad tissues mechanics at the heel strike in bare and shod conditions. Med Eng Phys 35: 441, 2013."},{"key":"B67","series-title":"PM & R","first-page":"34","article-title":"Gait and physical impairments in patients with acute ankle sprains who did not receive physical therapy","volume":"7","author":"Punt IM","year":"2015","unstructured":"Punt IM, Ziltener JL, Laidet M, et al: Gait and physical impairments in patients with acute ankle sprains who did not receive physical therapy. PM & R 7: 34, 2015."},{"key":"B68","series-title":"J Athl Train","first-page":"1065","article-title":"Proprioceptive training for the prevention of ankle sprains: an evidence-based review","volume":"52","author":"Rivera MJ","year":"2017","unstructured":"Rivera MJ, Winkelmann ZK, Powden CJ, et al: Proprioceptive training for the prevention of ankle sprains: an evidence-based review. J Athl Train 52: 1065, 2017."},{"key":"B69","series-title":"BMJ","first-page":"c1964","article-title":"Effect of accelerated rehabilitation on function after ankle sprain: randomised controlled trial","volume":"340","author":"Bleakley CM","year":"2010","unstructured":"Bleakley CM, O\u2019Connor SR, Tulley MA, et al: Effect of accelerated rehabilitation on function after ankle sprain: randomised controlled trial. BMJ 340: c1964, 2010."},{"key":"B70","series-title":"Musculoskel Sci Pract","first-page":"102130","article-title":"Effects of midfoot joint mobilization on ankle-foot morphology and function following acute ankle sprain. A crossover clinical trial","volume":"46","author":"Fraser JJ","year":"2020","unstructured":"Fraser JJ, Saliba SA, Hart JM, et al: Effects of midfoot joint mobilization on ankle-foot morphology and function following acute ankle sprain. A crossover clinical trial. Musculoskel Sci Pract 46: 102130, 2020."},{"key":"B71","series-title":"Muscle Nerve","first-page":"513","article-title":"Effects of a stocking on plantar sensation in individuals with and without ankle instability","volume":"55","author":"Burcal CJ","year":"2017","unstructured":"Burcal CJ, Hoch MC, Wikstrom EA: Effects of a stocking on plantar sensation in individuals with and without ankle instability. Muscle Nerve 55: 513, 2017."},{"key":"B72","series-title":"J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci","first-page":"831","article-title":"Wearable technologies using peripheral neuromodulation to enhance mobility and gait function in older adults\u2014a narrative review","volume":"78","author":"Kahya M","year":"2023","unstructured":"Kahya M, Hackman D, Jacobs L, et al: Wearable technologies using peripheral neuromodulation to enhance mobility and gait function in older adults\u2014a narrative review. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci 78: 831, 2023."},{"key":"B73","series-title":"Front Aging Neurosci","first-page":"1027242","article-title":"Six month lower-leg mechanical tactile sensory stimulation alters functional network connectivity associated with improved gait in older adults with peripheral neuropathy\u2014a pilot study","volume":"14","author":"Hsu CL","year":"2022","unstructured":"Hsu CL, Manor B, Iloputaife I, et al: Six month lower-leg mechanical tactile sensory stimulation alters functional network connectivity associated with improved gait in older adults with peripheral neuropathy\u2014a pilot study. Front Aging Neurosci 14: 1027242, 2022."},{"key":"B74","series-title":"Front Aging Neurosci","first-page":"592751","article-title":"The effects of a wearable sensory prosthesis on gait and balance function after 10 weeks of use in persons with peripheral neuropathy and high fall risk\u2014the walk2Wellness trial","volume":"12","author":"Oddsson LIE","year":"2020","unstructured":"Oddsson LIE, Bisson T, Cohen HS, et al: The effects of a wearable sensory prosthesis on gait and balance function after 10 weeks of use in persons with peripheral neuropathy and high fall risk\u2014the walk2Wellness trial. Front Aging Neurosci 12: 592751, 2020."},{"key":"B75","series-title":"Front Aging Neurosci","first-page":"931048","article-title":"Extended effects of a wearable sensory prosthesis on gait, balance function and falls after 26 weeks of use in persons with peripheral neuropathy and high fall risk\u2014the walk2Wellness trial","volume":"14","author":"Oddsson LIE","year":"2022","unstructured":"Oddsson LIE, Bisson T, Cohen HS, et al: Extended effects of a wearable sensory prosthesis on gait, balance function and falls after 26 weeks of use in persons with peripheral neuropathy and high fall risk\u2014the walk2Wellness trial. Front Aging Neurosci 14: 931048, 2022."},{"key":"B76","series-title":"PloS One","first-page":"e0216212","article-title":"Neuromodulation to improve gait and balance function using a sensory neuroprosthesis in people who report insensate feet\u2014a randomized control cross-over study","volume":"14","author":"Koehler-McNicholas SR","year":"2019","unstructured":"Koehler-McNicholas SR, Danzl L, Cataldo AY, et al: Neuromodulation to improve gait and balance function using a sensory neuroprosthesis in people who report insensate feet\u2014a randomized control cross-over study. PloS One 14: e0216212, 2019."}],"container-title":["Journal of the American Podiatric Medical Association"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/japmaonline.org\/view\/journals\/apms\/114\/3\/22-192.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/japmaonline.org\/downloadpdf\/journals\/apms\/114\/3\/22-192.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/japmaonline.org\/downloadpdf\/journals\/apms\/114\/3\/22-192.xml","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,8]],"date-time":"2026-07-08T10:19:42Z","timestamp":1783505982000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1930-8264\/114\/3\/22192"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,5]]},"references-count":76,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3"},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7547\/22-192","relation":{},"ISSN":["8750-7315"],"issn-type":[{"value":"8750-7315","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,5]]}}}