{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,8]],"date-time":"2026-07-08T11:15:05Z","timestamp":1783509305572,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":24,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Hallux rigidus is a common condition affecting the foot. I was not able to find evidence regarding the management of patients with hallux rigidus with manual physical therapy consisting of hands-on manual therapy techniques and movement-reinforcing exercise. This case report attempts to highlight the management of a patient with hallux rigidus by a physical therapist. The patient was a 60-year-old male baseball player with clinically apparent pain, loss of metatarsophalangeal joint motion, and radiographically visible degenerative changes suggesting a diagnosis of grade II hallux rigidus. Treatment involved joint distraction mobilization of the first metatarsophalangeal joint. Improvements were noted immediately with regard to the patient\u2019s ability to run with decreased symptoms. I carefully instructed the patient to perform the manual distraction techniques at home. After four clinical visits, the patient returned to baseball the following spring. Outcomes were maintained 8 years after initial evaluation.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.7547\/23-235","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,1]],"date-time":"2024-08-01T09:23:50Z","timestamp":1722504230000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Physical Therapy Management of a Baseball Player With Hallux Rigidus"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"115","author":[{"given":"Craig P.","family":"Hensley","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physical Therapy and Human Movement Sciences, Northwestern University, 645 N Michigan Ave, Ste 1100, Rm 1125, Chicago, IL"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","reference":[{"key":"B1","series-title":"Ann Rheum Dis","first-page":"271","article-title":"Epidemiology of osteoarthritis: Zoetermeer survey. Comparison of radiological osteoarthritis in a Dutch population with that in 10 other populations","volume":"48","author":"van Saase JL","year":"1989","unstructured":"van Saase JL, van Romunde LK, Cats A, et al: Epidemiology of osteoarthritis: Zoetermeer survey. Comparison of radiological osteoarthritis in a Dutch population with that in 10 other populations. Ann Rheum Dis 48: 271, 1989."},{"key":"B2","series-title":"Ann Rheum Dis","first-page":"156","article-title":"The population prevalence of symptomatic radiographic foot osteoarthritis in community-dwelling older adults: cross-sectional findings from the clinical assessment study of the foot","volume":"74","author":"Roddy E","year":"2015","unstructured":"Roddy E, Thomas MJ, Marshall M, et al: The population prevalence of symptomatic radiographic foot osteoarthritis in community-dwelling older adults: cross-sectional findings from the clinical assessment study of the foot. Ann Rheum Dis 74: 156, 2015."},{"key":"B3","series-title":"Osteoarthritis Cartilage","first-page":"211","article-title":"The association of radiographic foot osteoarthritis and radiographic osteoarthritis at other sites","volume":"13","author":"Wilder FV","year":"2005","unstructured":"Wilder FV, Barrett JP, Farina EJ: The association of radiographic foot osteoarthritis and radiographic osteoarthritis at other sites. Osteoarthritis Cartilage 13: 211, 2005."},{"key":"B4","series-title":"JAPMA","first-page":"102","article-title":"A retrospective analysis of 772 patients with hallux limitus","volume":"92","author":"Grady JF","year":"2002","unstructured":"Grady JF, Axe TM, Zager EJ, et al: A retrospective analysis of 772 patients with hallux limitus. JAPMA 92: 102, 2002."},{"key":"B5","article-title":"APTA guide to physical therapist practice 4.0","unstructured":"American Physical Therapy Association: APTA guide to physical therapist practice 4.0. Available at: https:\/\/guide.apta.org\/. Accessed December 27, 2023."},{"key":"B6","series-title":"Maitland\u2019s Peripheral Manipulation","year":"2005","unstructured":"Hengeveld E, Banks K (eds): Maitland\u2019s Peripheral Manipulation, 4th Ed, Butterworth-Heinemann, Oxford, England, 2005."},{"key":"B7","article-title":"Manipulation education manual for physical therapist professional degree programs","year":"April 2004","unstructured":"American Physical Therapy Association Manipulation Task Force Manipulation Education Committee: Manipulation education manual for physical therapist professional degree programs. Available at: https:\/\/www.orthopt.org\/uploads\/content_files\/files\/manipulation_education_manual.pdf. Published April 2004. Accessed December 27, 2023."},{"key":"B8","series-title":"Musculoskelet Surg","first-page":"201","article-title":"A comprehensive and narrative review of historical aspects and management of low-grade hallux rigidus: conservative and surgical possibilities","volume":"102","author":"Caravelli S","year":"2018","unstructured":"Caravelli S, Mosca M, Massimi S, et al: A comprehensive and narrative review of historical aspects and management of low-grade hallux rigidus: conservative and surgical possibilities. Musculoskelet Surg 102: 201, 2018."},{"key":"B9","series-title":"Br J Sports Med","first-page":"113","article-title":"Treatment and prevention of acute and recurrent ankle sprain: an overview of systematic reviews with meta-analysis","volume":"51","author":"Doherty C","year":"2017","unstructured":"Doherty C, Bleakley C, Delahunt E, et al: Treatment and prevention of acute and recurrent ankle sprain: an overview of systematic reviews with meta-analysis. Br J Sports Med 51: 113, 2017."},{"key":"B10","series-title":"J Man Manip Ther","first-page":"55","article-title":"Does manual therapy improve pain and function in patients with plantar fasciitis? A systematic review","volume":"26","author":"Fraser JJ","year":"2018","unstructured":"Fraser JJ, Corbett R, Donner C, et al: Does manual therapy improve pain and function in patients with plantar fasciitis? A systematic review. J Man Manip Ther 26: 55, 2018."},{"key":"B11","series-title":"Man Ther","first-page":"84","article-title":"Novel use of a manual therapy technique and management of a patient with peroneal tendinopathy: a case report","volume":"17","author":"Hensley CP","year":"2012","unstructured":"Hensley CP, Kavchak AJ: Novel use of a manual therapy technique and management of a patient with peroneal tendinopathy: a case report. Man Ther 17: 84, 2012."},{"key":"B12","series-title":"N Engl J Med","first-page":"1420","article-title":"Physical therapy versus glucocorticoid injection for osteoarthritis of the knee","volume":"382","author":"Deyle GD","year":"2020","unstructured":"Deyle GD, Allen CS, Allison SC, et al: Physical therapy versus glucocorticoid injection for osteoarthritis of the knee. N Engl J Med 382: 1420, 2020."},{"key":"B13","series-title":"J Orthop Sports Phys Ther","first-page":"368","article-title":"The effect of sesamoid mobilization, flexor hallucis strengthening, and gait training on reducing pain and restoring function in individuals with hallux limitus: a clinical trial","volume":"34","author":"Shamus J","year":"2004","unstructured":"Shamus J, Shamus E, Gugel RN, et al: The effect of sesamoid mobilization, flexor hallucis strengthening, and gait training on reducing pain and restoring function in individuals with hallux limitus: a clinical trial. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther 34: 368, 2004."},{"key":"B14","series-title":"J Orthop Sports Phys Ther","first-page":"262","article-title":"Measurement properties of the Patient-Specific Functional Scale and its current uses: an updated systematic review of 57 studies using COSMIN guidelines","volume":"52","author":"Pathak A","year":"2022","unstructured":"Pathak A, Wilson R, Sharma S, et al: Measurement properties of the Patient-Specific Functional Scale and its current uses: an updated systematic review of 57 studies using COSMIN guidelines. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther 52: 262, 2022."},{"key":"B15","series-title":"J Bone Joint Surg Am","first-page":"2072","article-title":"Hallux rigidus. Grading and long-term results of operative treatment","volume":"85","author":"Coughlin MJ","year":"2003","unstructured":"Coughlin MJ, Shurnas PS: Hallux rigidus. Grading and long-term results of operative treatment. J Bone Joint Surg Am 85: 2072, 2003."},{"key":"B16","series-title":"J Man Manip Ther","first-page":"162","article-title":"Biomechanical measures of knee joint mobilization","volume":"19","author":"Silvernail JL","year":"2011","unstructured":"Silvernail JL, Gill NW, Teyhen DS, et al: Biomechanical measures of knee joint mobilization. J Man Manip Ther 19: 162, 2011."},{"key":"B17","series-title":"J Orthop Sports Phys Ther","first-page":"685","article-title":"The effects of thoracic manipulation on posteroanterior spinal stiffness","volume":"40","author":"Campbell BD","year":"2010","unstructured":"Campbell BD, Snodgrass SJ: The effects of thoracic manipulation on posteroanterior spinal stiffness. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther 40: 685, 2010."},{"key":"B18","series-title":"Neuroscience","first-page":"110","article-title":"Peripheral and spinal activation of cannabinoid receptors by joint mobilization alleviates postoperative pain in mice","volume":"255","author":"Martins DF","year":"2013","unstructured":"Martins DF, Mazzardo-Martins L, Cidral-Filho FJ, et al: Peripheral and spinal activation of cannabinoid receptors by joint mobilization alleviates postoperative pain in mice. Neuroscience 255: 110, 2013."},{"key":"B19","series-title":"J Orthop Sports Phys Ther","first-page":"168","article-title":"Joint mobilization enhances mechanisms of conditioned pain modulation in individuals with osteoarthritis of the knee","volume":"46","author":"Courtney CA","year":"2016","unstructured":"Courtney CA, Steffen AD, Fern\u00e1ndez-de-Las-Pe\u00f1as C, et al: Joint mobilization enhances mechanisms of conditioned pain modulation in individuals with osteoarthritis of the knee. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther 46: 168, 2016."},{"key":"B20","series-title":"Pain","first-page":"159","article-title":"Joint manipulation reduces hyperalgesia by activation of monoamine receptors but not opioid or GABA receptors in the spinal cord","volume":"106","author":"Skyba DA","year":"2003","unstructured":"Skyba DA, Radhakrishnan R, Rohlwing JJ, et al: Joint manipulation reduces hyperalgesia by activation of monoamine receptors but not opioid or GABA receptors in the spinal cord. Pain 106: 159, 2003."},{"key":"B21","series-title":"Am J Sports Med","first-page":"2465","article-title":"In vitro effects of triamcinolone and methylprednisolone on the viability and mechanics of native articular cartilage","volume":"51","author":"Fackler NP","year":"2023","unstructured":"Fackler NP, Yareli-Salinas E, Callan KT, et al: In vitro effects of triamcinolone and methylprednisolone on the viability and mechanics of native articular cartilage. Am J Sports Med 51: 2465, 2023."},{"key":"B22","series-title":"JAMA","first-page":"1967","article-title":"Effect of intra-articular triamcinolone vs saline on knee cartilage volume and pain in patients with knee osteoarthritis: a randomized clinical trial","volume":"317","author":"McAlindon TE","year":"2017","unstructured":"McAlindon TE, LaValley MP, Harvey WF, et al: Effect of intra-articular triamcinolone vs saline on knee cartilage volume and pain in patients with knee osteoarthritis: a randomized clinical trial. JAMA 317: 1967, 2017."},{"key":"B23","series-title":"Man Ther","first-page":"355","article-title":"Adverse events and manual therapy: a systematic review","volume":"15","author":"Carnes D","year":"2010","unstructured":"Carnes D, Mars TS, Mullinger B, et al: Adverse events and manual therapy: a systematic review. Man Ther 15: 355, 2010."},{"key":"B24","series-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev","first-page":"CD011915","article-title":"Adjunctive therapies in addition to land-based exercise therapy for osteoarthritis of the hip or knee","volume":"10","author":"French HP","year":"2022","unstructured":"French HP, Abbott JH, Galvin R: Adjunctive therapies in addition to land-based exercise therapy for osteoarthritis of the hip or knee. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 10: CD011915, 2022."}],"container-title":["Journal of the American Podiatric Medical Association"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/japmaonline.org\/view\/journals\/apms\/115\/5\/23-235.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/japmaonline.org\/downloadpdf\/journals\/apms\/115\/5\/23-235.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/japmaonline.org\/downloadpdf\/journals\/apms\/115\/5\/23-235.xml","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,8]],"date-time":"2026-07-08T10:20:22Z","timestamp":1783506022000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1930-8264\/115\/5\/23235"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,9]]},"references-count":24,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5"},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7547\/23-235","relation":{},"ISSN":["8750-7315"],"issn-type":[{"value":"8750-7315","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,9]]}}}