{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,8]],"date-time":"2026-07-08T11:15:07Z","timestamp":1783509307776,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":28,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    This case report highlights the unusual presence of\n                    <jats:italic>Hafnia alvei<\/jats:italic>\n                    , a gram-negative bacillus, as the causative agent in a severe diabetic foot ulcer. While diabetic foot ulcers are typically associated with gram-positive cocci, this case underscores the importance of considering atypical pathogens. The patient, a long-term diabetic, presented with a nonresponsive wound that had progressed to a severe grade 4 ulcer, despite antibiotic treatment. A multidisciplinary medical team, including infectious disease specialists, surgeons, and endocrinologists, advocated for surgical intervention, involving debridement, VAC therapy, and hyperbaric oxygen treatment. Surprisingly, post-treatment cultures revealed the presence of\n                    <jats:italic>Hafnia alvei<\/jats:italic>\n                    and\n                    <jats:italic>Proteus<\/jats:italic>\n                    spp. Despite rigorous antibiotic therapy and debridement, wound complications persisted, leading to a unanimous decision for amputation. The patient underwent Chopart amputation, followed by a 21-day course of antibiotics due to the absence of microbial growth in post-amputation cultures. At the 6-month follow-up, the wound had completely healed, and effective glycemic control had been achieved. Key takeaways from this case include the need to consider unusual pathogens in diabetic foot ulcers, the importance of a multidisciplinary approach, cautious consideration of amputation in severe cases, and the significance of tailored antibiotic therapy. This case report serves as a reminder of the complexities involved in managing diabetic foot ulcers and the potential involvement of nontypical pathogens.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.7547\/24-004","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,29]],"date-time":"2025-10-29T13:37:36Z","timestamp":1761745056000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Hafnia Alvei on a Diabetic Foot: A Case Report"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"115","author":[{"given":"Baran","family":"Demir","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthopedics and Traumatology, \u0130stanbul Medipol University, Istanbul, Turkey."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Murat","family":"Birinci","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthopedics and Traumatology, \u0130stanbul Medipol University, Istanbul, Turkey."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bilgehan","family":"Catal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthopedics and Traumatology, \u0130stanbul Medipol University, Istanbul, Turkey."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","reference":[{"key":"B1","series-title":"Diabetes Care","first-page":"S67","article-title":"Diagnosis and classification of diabetes mellitus","volume":"36","year":"2013","unstructured":"American Diabetes Association: Diagnosis and classification of diabetes mellitus. 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