{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,8]],"date-time":"2026-07-08T11:15:26Z","timestamp":1783509326991,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":24,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,7]]},"abstract":"\n Background:<\/jats:bold>\n The Toe Walking Tool is used to highlight the need for further investigation of toe-walking children by a more qualified expert. Such a tool is not yet available within Greek clinical settings. Therefore, the aim of this study was to translate and cross-culturally adapt into Greek the Toe Walking Tool.\n <\/jats:p>\n \n Methods:<\/jats:bold>\n The Toe Walking Tool was translated into Greek according to international guidelines by five pediatric physiotherapists, all fluent in the English language. Fifteen children with toe-walking due to pathologic reasons or idiopathic toe-walking were video-recorded performing the tasks and tests of the tool. Parents answered the questions regarding the children\u2019s medical history. Seven pediatric physiotherapists evaluated the 15 children using the video recordings and the parents\u2019 answers to complete the tool. Data were analyzed with Fleiss \u03ba, percentage agreement, and \u03c7\n 2<\/jats:sup>\n tests. Face and content validity was determined by a group of experts.\n <\/jats:p>\n \n Results:<\/jats:bold>\n The Greek version of the Toe Walking Tool proved to be clinically applicable and user-friendly. The tool was also found to have substantial intrarater reliability, with a Fleiss \u03ba index of 0.73. The percentage agreement between the seven raters was high to very high, ranging from 86% to 100%, and no statistical differences were found between the raters (\n P<\/jats:italic>\n < .1).\n <\/jats:p>\n \n Conclusions:<\/jats:bold>\n The Greek version of the Toe Walking Tool demonstrated adequate evidence of interrater reliability and can be used to refer, if required, toe-walking children for further investigation.\n <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.7547\/24-068","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,27]],"date-time":"2025-08-27T16:58:26Z","timestamp":1756313906000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Toe Walking Tool"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"115","author":[{"given":"Eleni","family":"Skarmoutsou","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"First EPAL of Peristeri, Athens, Greece."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Theofani","family":"Bania","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physiotherapy, University of Patras, Rio, Greece."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eleni","family":"Potamiti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Early Intervention and Rehabilitation Center of the Panagiotis and Aglaia\u2019s Kuriakou Children\u2019s Hospital, Kallithea, Greece."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dimitra","family":"Tsouni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ELEPAP Department of Agrinio, Agrinio, Greece."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Panagiota","family":"Panagaki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"First Special Primary School of Patras, Patras, Greece."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Athina","family":"Koulosousa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Onasseio Heart Surgery Center, Kallithea, Greece."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Efstratia","family":"Kalamvoki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Paidokinisis Child Physiotherapy Center, Argyroupoli, Greece."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Evdokia","family":"Billis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physiotherapy, University of Patras, Rio, Greece."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","reference":[{"key":"B1","series-title":"J Bone Joint Surg Am","first-page":"640","article-title":"Idiopathic toe-walking: prevalence and natural history from birth to ten years of age","volume":"100","author":"Engstr\u00f6m P","year":"2018","unstructured":"Engstr\u00f6m P, Tedroff KP: Idiopathic toe-walking: prevalence and natural history from birth to ten years of age. J Bone Joint Surg Am 100: 640, 2018."},{"key":"B2","series-title":"of this gait type? JAPMA","first-page":"253","article-title":"Idiopathic toe-walking: have we progressed in our knowledge of the causality and treatment","volume":"104","author":"Williams CM","year":"2014","unstructured":"Williams CM, Tinley P, Rawicki B: Idiopathic toe-walking: have we progressed in our knowledge of the causality and treatment of this gait type? JAPMA 104: 253, 2014."},{"key":"B3","series-title":"Gait Posture","first-page":"300","article-title":"Idiopathic toe walking\u2014a follow-up survey of gait analysis assessment","volume":"68","author":"O\u2019Sullivan R","year":"2019","unstructured":"O\u2019Sullivan R, Munir K, Keating L: Idiopathic toe walking\u2014a follow-up survey of gait analysis assessment. Gait Posture 68: 300, 2019."},{"key":"B4","series-title":"Curr Opin Pediatr","first-page":"40","article-title":"Toe walking: causes, epidemiology, assessment, and treatment","volume":"28","author":"Ruzbarsky JJ","year":"2016","unstructured":"Ruzbarsky JJ, Scher D, Dodwell E: Toe walking: causes, epidemiology, assessment, and treatment. Curr Opin Pediatr 28: 40, 2016."},{"key":"B5","series-title":"J Child Orthop","first-page":"340","article-title":"Autism and toe-walking: are they related? Trends and treatment patterns between 2005 and 2016","volume":"13","author":"Leyden J","year":"2019","unstructured":"Leyden J, Fung L, Frick S: Autism and toe-walking: are they related? Trends and treatment patterns between 2005 and 2016. J Child Orthop 13: 340, 2019."},{"key":"B6","series-title":"Appl Sci (Basel)","first-page":"2862","article-title":"Foot contact dynamics and fall risk among children diagnosed with idiopathic toe walking","volume":"11","author":"Soangra R","year":"2021","unstructured":"Soangra R, Shiraishi M, Beuttler R, et al: Foot contact dynamics and fall risk among children diagnosed with idiopathic toe walking. Appl Sci (Basel) 11: 2862, 2021."},{"issue":"1","key":"B7","series-title":"Phys Med Rehabil Res","article-title":"Prevalence of associated diagnoses in children who present with toe walking","volume":"2","author":"McMulkin ML","year":"2016","unstructured":"McMulkin ML, Gordon A, Genung S, et al: Prevalence of associated diagnoses in children who present with toe walking. Phys Med Rehabil Res 2: 1, 2016."},{"key":"B8","series-title":"Gait Posture","first-page":"240","article-title":"Identification and classification of toe-walkers based on ankle kinematics, using a data-mining method","volume":"23","author":"Armand S","year":"2006","unstructured":"Armand S, Watelain E, Mercier M, et al: Identification and classification of toe-walkers based on ankle kinematics, using a data-mining method. Gait Posture 23: 240, 2006."},{"key":"B9","series-title":"Biomed Sci Instrum","first-page":"178","article-title":"Wearable sensor-based gait classification in idiopathic toe walking adolescents","volume":"55","author":"Kim S","year":"2019","unstructured":"Kim S, Soangra R, Grant-Beuttler M, et al: Wearable sensor-based gait classification in idiopathic toe walking adolescents. Biomed Sci Instrum 55: 178, 2019."},{"key":"B10","series-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev","first-page":"CD012363","article-title":"Interventions for idiopathic toe walking","volume":"10","author":"Caserta AJ","year":"2019","unstructured":"Caserta AJ, Pacey V, Fahey M, et al: Interventions for idiopathic toe walking. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 10: CD012363, 2019."},{"key":"B11","series-title":"J Rehabil Med","first-page":"945","article-title":"Treatment for idiopathic toe walking: a systematic review of the literature","volume":"46","author":"van Kuijk AAA","year":"2014","unstructured":"van Kuijk AAA, Kosters R, Vugts M, et al: Treatment for idiopathic toe walking: a systematic review of the literature. J Rehabil Med 46: 945, 2014."},{"key":"B12","series-title":"BMJ Open","first-page":"e035965","article-title":"American and Australian family experiences while receiving a diagnosis or having treatment for idiopathic toe walking: a qualitative study","volume":"10","author":"Williams C","year":"2020","unstructured":"Williams C, Robson K, Pacey V, et al: American and Australian family experiences while receiving a diagnosis or having treatment for idiopathic toe walking: a qualitative study. BMJ Open 10: e035965, 2020."},{"key":"B13","series-title":"Gait Posture","first-page":"508","article-title":"The Toe Walking Tool: a novel method for assessing idiopathic toe walking children","volume":"32","author":"Williams CM","year":"2010","unstructured":"Williams CM, Tinley P, Curtin M: The Toe Walking Tool: a novel method for assessing idiopathic toe walking children. Gait Posture 32: 508, 2010. Erratum in: Gait Posture 34: 442, 2011."},{"key":"B14","series-title":"Article in Spanish. Rev Neurol","first-page":"99","article-title":"Translation and transcultural adaptation of the Toe Walking Tool: screening tool of toe walking patients","volume":"69","author":"Lopez-Bustos-de-Las-Heras R","year":"2019","unstructured":"Lopez-Bustos-de-Las-Heras R, Cano-de-la-Cuerda R, de-la-Llave-Rincon AI, et al: Translation and transcultural adaptation of the Toe Walking Tool: screening tool of toe walking patients. Article in Spanish. Rev Neurol 69: 99, 2019."},{"key":"B15","series-title":"JAPMA","first-page":"21","article-title":"Psychometric properties and clinical usefulness of the Spanish version of the Toe Walking Tool","volume":"113","author":"Guerrero-Bl\u00e1zquez A","year":"2023","unstructured":"Guerrero-Bl\u00e1zquez A, D\u00edaz-Arribas MJ, R\u00edos-Le\u00f3n M, et al: Psychometric properties and clinical usefulness of the Spanish version of the Toe Walking Tool. JAPMA 113: 21, 2023."},{"key":"B16","series-title":"Hali\u00e7 Univ J Health Sci","first-page":"137","article-title":"Reliability and validity of the Toe Walking Tool in Turkish idiopathic toe walking children","volume":"4","author":"Tanriverdi M","year":"2021","unstructured":"Tanriverdi M, Tunc B, Iscan A: Reliability and validity of the Toe Walking Tool in Turkish idiopathic toe walking children. Hali\u00e7 Univ J Health Sci 4: 137, 2021."},{"key":"B17","series-title":"J Eval Clin Pract","first-page":"268","article-title":"Translation, adaptation and validation of instruments or scales for use in cross-cultural health care research: a clear and user-friendly guideline","volume":"17","author":"Sousa VD","year":"2011","unstructured":"Sousa VD, Rojjanasrirat W: Translation, adaptation and validation of instruments or scales for use in cross-cultural health care research: a clear and user-friendly guideline. J Eval Clin Pract 17: 268, 2011."},{"key":"B18","series-title":"J Clin Epidemiol","first-page":"435","article-title":"A review of guidelines for cross-cultural adaptation of questionnaires could not bring out a consensus","volume":"68","author":"Epstein J","year":"2015","unstructured":"Epstein J, Santo RM, Guillemin F: A review of guidelines for cross-cultural adaptation of questionnaires could not bring out a consensus. J Clin Epidemiol 68: 435, 2015."},{"key":"B19","series-title":"Meeting the Physical Therapy Needs of Children","author":"Effgen SK","year":"2012","unstructured":"Effgen SK: Meeting the Physical Therapy Needs of Children, 2nd Ed, FA Davis Company, Philadelphia, 2012."},{"key":"B20","series-title":"Biochem Med (Zagreb)","first-page":"276","article-title":"Interrater reliability: the kappa statistic","volume":"22","author":"McHugh ML","year":"2012","unstructured":"McHugh ML: Interrater reliability: the kappa statistic. Biochem Med (Zagreb) 22: 276, 2012."},{"key":"B21","series-title":"Psychol Bull","first-page":"378","article-title":"Measuring nominal scale agreement among many raters","volume":"76","author":"Fleiss JL","year":"1971","unstructured":"Fleiss JL: Measuring nominal scale agreement among many raters. Psychol Bull 76: 378, 1971."},{"key":"B22","article-title":"How to calculate Fleiss\u2019 kappa in Excel","author":"Bobbitt Z","unstructured":"Bobbitt Z: How to calculate Fleiss\u2019 kappa in Excel. Available at: https:\/\/www.statology.org\/fleiss-kappa-excel\/. Accessed September 28, 2022."},{"key":"B23","series-title":"Biochem Med (Zagreb","first-page":"143","article-title":"The chi-square test of independence","volume":"23","author":"McHugh ML","year":"2013","unstructured":"McHugh ML: The chi-square test of independence. Biochem Med (Zagreb) 23: 143, 2013."},{"key":"B24","series-title":"BMC Med Res Methodol","first-page":"93","article-title":"Measuring inter-rater reliability for nominal data\u2014which coefficients and confidence intervals are appropriate?","volume":"16","author":"Zapf A","year":"2016","unstructured":"Zapf A, Castell S, Morawietz L, et al: Measuring inter-rater reliability for nominal data\u2014which coefficients and confidence intervals are appropriate? BMC Med Res Methodol 16: 93, 2016."}],"container-title":["Journal of the American Podiatric Medical Association"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/japmaonline.org\/view\/journals\/apms\/115\/4\/24-068.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/japmaonline.org\/downloadpdf\/journals\/apms\/115\/4\/24-068.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/japmaonline.org\/downloadpdf\/journals\/apms\/115\/4\/24-068.xml","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,8]],"date-time":"2026-07-08T10:20:16Z","timestamp":1783506016000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1930-8264\/115\/4\/24068"}},"subtitle":["Translation and Cross-Cultural Adaptation in a Greek Pediatric Population"],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,7]]},"references-count":24,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4"},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7547\/24-068","relation":{},"ISSN":["8750-7315"],"issn-type":[{"value":"8750-7315","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,7]]}}}