{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,8]],"date-time":"2026-07-08T11:15:06Z","timestamp":1783509306640,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":30,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"6","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Clinicians caring for feet may be hearing stories of canines masticating the foot\/digits on unsuspecting persons with diabetes and neuropathy. For the most part, these reports are anecdotal. Actual publications on this topic are scarce. The following discussion and case reports depict a typical presentation with a sleeping person with diabetic polyneuropathy and infection, which attracts the canine and results in tissue mastication. The workup and care for such clinical presentations appear straightforward and effective; however, the authors highly recommend that providers that care for persons with diabetes who own pets take precautions, especially during sleep.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.7547\/24-071","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,16]],"date-time":"2025-12-16T14:39:54Z","timestamp":1765895994000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Canines Masticating on the Lower Extremity"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"115","author":[{"given":"David W.","family":"Jenkins","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Arizona College of Podiatric Medicine, Midwestern University, Glendale, AZ. Dr. Berggren is now with Kaiser Santa Clara, Santa Clara, CA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Samantha W","family":"Berggren","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Arizona College of Podiatric Medicine, Midwestern University, Glendale, AZ. Dr. Berggren is now with Kaiser Santa Clara, Santa Clara, CA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kyleigh","family":"Pierson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Podiatric Surgery, Central Michigan Hospital, Mount Pleasant, MI. Dr. Pierson is now in private practice, Garner, NC."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","reference":[{"key":"B1","article-title":"American Veterinary Medical Association","unstructured":"Dog Bite Prevention. American Veterinary Medical Association. Available at https:\/\/www.avma.org\/resources-tools\/pet-owners\/dog-bite-prevention. Accessed June 21, 2023."},{"key":"B2","series-title":"Clin Podiatr Med Surg","first-page":"501","article-title":"Bite wound infections of the lower extremity","volume":"7","author":"Myers RA","year":"1990","unstructured":"Myers RA, Littel ML, Joseph WS: Bite wound infections of the lower extremity. Clin Podiatr Med Surg 7: 501, 1990."},{"key":"B3","series-title":"Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis","first-page":"581","article-title":"Capnocytophaga zoonotic infections: a 10-year retrospective study (the French CANCAN study)","volume":"41","author":"Beauruelle C","year":"2022","unstructured":"Beauruelle C, Plouzeau C, Grillon A, et al: Capnocytophaga zoonotic infections: a 10-year retrospective study (the French CANCAN study). Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 41: 581, 2022."},{"key":"B4","article-title":"Animal bites (dogs, cats, and other mammals): evaluation and management","author":"Baddour LM","unstructured":"Baddour LM, Harper M: Animal bites (dogs, cats, and other mammals): evaluation and management. UpToDate 2024. Available at: https:\/\/www.uptodate.com\/contents\/animal-bites-dogs-cats-and-other-mammals-evaluation-and-management?search=dog%20bite%20infection&source=search_result&selectedTitle=2%7E42&usage_type=default&display_rank=2. Accessed June 21, 2023."},{"key":"B5","series-title":"Int J Low Extrem Wounds","first-page":"41","article-title":"Nonvenomous bite injuries of the foot: case reports and review of the literature","volume":"7","author":"Donate G","year":"2008","unstructured":"Donate G, Emerick Salas R, Naidu D, et al: Nonvenomous bite injuries of the foot: case reports and review of the literature. Int J Low Extrem Wounds 7: 41, 2008."},{"key":"B6","series-title":"Int Wound J","first-page":"897","article-title":"Rat bite as a cause of diabetic foot ulcer in sub-Saharan Africa","volume":"17","author":"Abbas ZG","year":"2020","unstructured":"Abbas ZG, Lutale JK, Archibald LK, et al: Rat bite as a cause of diabetic foot ulcer in sub-Saharan Africa. Int Wound J 17: 897, 2020."},{"key":"B7","series-title":"Intern Med","first-page":"1303","article-title":"Diabetic gangrene in multiple fingers and toes after a dog bite in an elderly patient with type 2 diabetes","volume":"50","author":"Oya J","year":"2011","unstructured":"Oya J, Hanai K, Miura J, et al: Diabetic gangrene in multiple fingers and toes after a dog bite in an elderly patient with type 2 diabetes. Intern Med 50: 1303, 2011."},{"key":"B8","series-title":"Korean J Lab Med","first-page":"191","article-title":"A case of necrotizing fasciitis due to Streptococcus agalactiae, Arcanobacterium haemolyticum, and Finegoldia magna in a dog-bitten patient with diabetes","volume":"28","author":"Lee S","year":"2008","unstructured":"Lee S, Roh KH, Kim CK, et al: A case of necrotizing fasciitis due to Streptococcus agalactiae, Arcanobacterium haemolyticum, and Finegoldia magna in a dog-bitten patient with diabetes. Korean J Lab Med 28: 191, 2008."},{"key":"B9","series-title":"J Foot Ankle Surg","first-page":"91","article-title":"An unusual case of diabetic cellulitis due to Pasturella multocida","volume":"34","author":"Yu GV","year":"1995","unstructured":"Yu GV, Boike AM, Hladik JR: An unusual case of diabetic cellulitis due to Pasturella multocida. J Foot Ankle Surg 34: 91, 1995."},{"key":"B10","series-title":"Clin Chem Lab Med","first-page":"452","article-title":"Diabetes alert dogs: a narrative critical overview","volume":"57","author":"Lippi G","year":"2019","unstructured":"Lippi G, Plebani M: Diabetes alert dogs: a narrative critical overview. Clin Chem Lab Med 57: 452, 2019."},{"key":"B11","series-title":"Diabetologa","first-page":"79","article-title":"Can dogs help patients with hypoglycaemia?","volume":"45","author":"Stocks AE","year":"2002","unstructured":"Stocks AE: Can dogs help patients with hypoglycaemia? Diabetologa 45: 79, 2002."},{"key":"B12","article-title":"Dog's dazzling sense of smell","author":"Tyson P","year":"2021","unstructured":"Tyson P: Dog's dazzling sense of smell. NOVA 2012. Available at: https:\/\/www.pbs.org\/wgbh\/nova\/article\/dogs-sense-of-smell\/. Accessed December 15, 2021."},{"key":"B13","series-title":"Front Vet Sci","first-page":"56","article-title":"When the nose doesn't know: canine olfactory function associated with health, management, and potential links to microbiota","volume":"5","author":"Jenkins EK","year":"2018","unstructured":"Jenkins EK, Dechant MT, Perry EB: When the nose doesn't know: canine olfactory function associated with health, management, and potential links to microbiota. Front Vet Sci 5: 56, 2018."},{"key":"B14","series-title":"Pract Diabetes","first-page":"323","article-title":"The role of diabetic alert dogs in the management of impaired hypoglycaemia awareness","volume":"31","author":"Seewoodhary J","year":"2014","unstructured":"Seewoodhary J, Dacruz T, Lloyd E, et al: The role of diabetic alert dogs in the management of impaired hypoglycaemia awareness. Pract Diabetes 31: 323, 2014."},{"key":"B15","series-title":"JAPMA","first-page":"22","article-title":"How canines can assist our patients with diabetes: diabetes alert dogs: what are their capabilities?","volume":"114","author":"Jenkins DW","year":"2024","unstructured":"Jenkins DW, Thompson KM, Goeddeke N: How canines can assist our patients with diabetes: diabetes alert dogs: what are their capabilities? JAPMA 114: 22, 2024."},{"key":"B16","series-title":"Cancer Cytopathol","first-page":"244","article-title":"Sniffing out the signs of cancer: dogs are still unmatched in detecting changes in the human volatilome, but electronic sensors are making headway: dogs are still unmatched in detecting changes in the human volatilome, but electronic sensors are making headway","volume":"130","author":"Nelson B","year":"2022","unstructured":"Nelson B, Wiles A: Sniffing out the signs of cancer: dogs are still unmatched in detecting changes in the human volatilome, but electronic sensors are making headway: dogs are still unmatched in detecting changes in the human volatilome, but electronic sensors are making headway. Cancer Cytopathol 130: 244, 2022."},{"key":"B17","series-title":"BMC Cancer","first-page":"79","article-title":"A non-invasive tool for detecting cervical cancer odor by trained scent dogs","volume":"17","author":"Guerrero-Flores H","year":"2017","unstructured":"Guerrero-Flores H, Apresa-Garc\u00eda T, Garay-Villaret O, et al: A non-invasive tool for detecting cervical cancer odor by trained scent dogs. BMC Cancer 17: 79, 2017."},{"key":"B18","series-title":"Epilepsy Behav","first-page":"109563","article-title":"The role of trained and untrained dogs in the detection and warning of seizures","volume":"150","author":"Luff G","year":"2024","unstructured":"Luff G, Belluomo I, Lugara E, et al: The role of trained and untrained dogs in the detection and warning of seizures. Epilepsy Behav 150: 109563, 2024."},{"key":"B19","series-title":"Iowa Orthop J","first-page":"171","article-title":"An environmental hazard to the diabetic foot. A case report","volume":"14","author":"Ballard TW","year":"1994","unstructured":"Ballard TW, Cooper RR: An environmental hazard to the diabetic foot. A case report. Iowa Orthop J 14: 171, 1994."},{"key":"B20","series-title":"BMJ Case Rep","first-page":"bcr2017221773","article-title":"Dog bites and diabetic peripheral neuropathy: a dangerous combination","volume":"2017","author":"Mensa M","year":"2017","unstructured":"Mensa M, Cubitt JJ, Javed M, et al: Dog bites and diabetic peripheral neuropathy: a dangerous combination. BMJ Case Rep 2017: bcr2017221773, 2017."},{"key":"B21","series-title":"JAPMA","first-page":"275","article-title":"Human digit partially consumed by a canine during sleep in a patient with neuropathy and diabetes","volume":"101","author":"Rogers LC","year":"2011","unstructured":"Rogers LC, Belivacqua NJ: Human digit partially consumed by a canine during sleep in a patient with neuropathy and diabetes. JAPMA 101: 275, 2011."},{"key":"B22","series-title":"J Foot Surg","first-page":"40","article-title":"Hallux amputation: a case report","volume":"18","author":"Potempa RL","year":"1979","unstructured":"Potempa RL, Lichty T: Hallux amputation: a case report. J Foot Surg 18: 40, 1979."},{"key":"B23","series-title":"JAPMA","first-page":"441","article-title":"Traumatic digital amputations of the foot inflicted by pet cat upon individual with diabetic peripheral neuropathy","volume":"103","author":"Hoffman W","year":"2013","unstructured":"Hoffman W, Donovan K: Traumatic digital amputations of the foot inflicted by pet cat upon individual with diabetic peripheral neuropathy. JAPMA 103: 441, 2013."},{"key":"B24","series-title":"JAPMA","article-title":"Wound management of a pediatric spina bifida patient secondary to a canine-inflicted fifth-digit amputation: a case report","volume":"111","author":"Lovett BA","year":"2021","unstructured":"Lovett BA, Berry-Cab\u00e1n CS, Duran DE, et al: Wound management of a pediatric spina bifida patient secondary to a canine-inflicted fifth-digit amputation: a case report. JAPMA 111: 2021."},{"key":"B25","article-title":"Dog bites off three of diabetic owner\u2019s toes, likely due to canine instinct to remove diseased flesh","author":"Johston L","year":"2011","unstructured":"Johston L: Dog bites off three of diabetic owner\u2019s toes, likely due to canine instinct to remove diseased flesh. New York Daily News 2011. Available at: https:\/\/www.nydailynews.com\/2011\/03\/07\/dog-bites-off-three-of-diabetic-owners-toes-likely-due-to-canine-instinct-to-remove-diseased-flesh\/. Accessed September 4, 2023."},{"key":"B26","article-title":"Diabetes Diagnosis for Jerry Douthett: Dog Ate Toe. ABC News","author":"ABC News","year":"2010","unstructured":"ABC News: Diabetes Diagnosis for Jerry Douthett: Dog Ate Toe. ABC News 2010 Available at: https:\/\/abcnews.go.com\/Health\/Diabetes\/dog-eats-toe-man-diabetes\/story?id=11322244. Accessed September 4, 2023."},{"key":"B27","article-title":"Dogs that eat rotten toes: altruistic, or just plain hungry?","author":"Wolchover N","year":"2011","unstructured":"Wolchover N: Dogs that eat rotten toes: altruistic, or just plain hungry? Live Science News. March 15, 2011. Available at: https:\/\/www.livescience.com\/13241-dogs-eat-rotten-toes-altruistic-plain-hungry.html. Accessed September 4, 2023."},{"key":"B28","article-title":"Dog owners beware: dogs dig eating feet; your toes could be next. Tucson Weekly March 11, 2011","author":"Gargulinski R","unstructured":"Gargulinski R: Dog owners beware: dogs dig eating feet; your toes could be next. Tucson Weekly March 11, 2011. Available at: https:\/\/www.tucsonweekly.com\/TheRange\/archives\/2011\/03\/11\/dog-owners-beware-dogs-dig-eating-feet-your-toes-could-be-next. Accessed September 4, 2023."},{"key":"B29","series-title":"People Pets August","article-title":"Dog eats owner's big toe \u2013 and saves his life","volume":"4","author":"Herbst D","year":"2010","unstructured":"Herbst D: Dog eats owner's big toe \u2013 and saves his life. People Pets August 4, 2010. Available at: https:\/\/people.com\/pets\/dog-eats-owners-big-toe-and-saves-his-life\/. Accessed September 13, 2023."},{"key":"B30","series-title":"Clin Microbiol Infect","first-page":"431","article-title":"Sniffing animals as a diagnostic tool in infectious diseases","volume":"26","author":"Cambau E","year":"2020","unstructured":"Cambau E, Poljak M: Sniffing animals as a diagnostic tool in infectious diseases. Clin Microbiol Infect 26: 431, 2020."}],"container-title":["Journal of the American Podiatric Medical Association"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/japmaonline.org\/view\/journals\/apms\/115\/6\/24-071.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/japmaonline.org\/downloadpdf\/journals\/apms\/115\/6\/24-071.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/japmaonline.org\/downloadpdf\/journals\/apms\/115\/6\/24-071.xml","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,8]],"date-time":"2026-07-08T10:20:28Z","timestamp":1783506028000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1930-8264\/115\/6\/24071"}},"subtitle":["Case Studies"],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,11]]},"references-count":30,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6"},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7547\/24-071","relation":{},"ISSN":["8750-7315"],"issn-type":[{"value":"8750-7315","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,11]]}}}