{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,7]],"date-time":"2026-07-07T13:16:55Z","timestamp":1783430215980,"version":"3.54.6"},"reference-count":41,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JAPMA"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2002,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Chemical matrixectomy for ingrown toenails is one of the most common surgical procedures performed on the foot. The procedure was first described in 1945 by Otto Boll, who discussed the use of phenol to correct ingrown toenails. In the years that followed, many variations of technique and method have been described. This article reviews the pertinent literature detailing chemical matrixectomies and advocates the use of an evidence basis for care. (J Am Podiatr Med Assoc 92(5): 287-295, 2002)<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.7547\/87507315-92-5-287","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,4,1]],"date-time":"2014-04-01T10:52:42Z","timestamp":1396349562000},"page":"287-295","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":36,"title":["Chemical Matrixectomy for Ingrown Toenails"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"92","author":[{"given":"Eric H.","family":"Espensen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Submitted during first-year residency, Department of Surgery, Podiatry Section, Southern Arizona Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Tucson."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Brent P.","family":"Nixon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Chief, Department of Surgery, Podiatry Section, Southern Arizona Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Tucson."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David G.","family":"Armstrong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Director of Research and Education, Department of Surgery, Podiatry Section, Southern Arizona Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Tucson."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","reference":[{"key":"R1","series-title":"J Natl Assoc Chiropodists","first-page":"8","volume":"35","year":"1945","unstructured":"Boll OF: Surgical correction of ingrowing nails. .J Natl Assoc Chiropodists35::8. ,1945. ."},{"key":"R2","series-title":"J Natl Assoc Chiropodists","first-page":"19","volume":"40","year":"1950","unstructured":"Frost L: Root resection for incurvated nail. .J Natl Assoc Chiropodists40::19. ,1950. ."},{"key":"R3","series-title":"J Natl Assoc Chiropodists","first-page":"493","volume":"47","year":"1957","unstructured":"Frost L: A definite surgical treatment for some lateral nail problems. .J Natl Assoc Chiropodists47::493. ,1957. ."},{"key":"R4","series-title":"JAPA","first-page":"51","volume":"48","year":"1958","unstructured":"Frost L: Atraumatic nail avulsion with a novel ungual elevator. .JAPA48::51. ,1958. ."},{"key":"R5","series-title":"JAPA","first-page":"395","volume":"62","year":"1972","unstructured":"Fulp M, McGlamry ED: New enzyme aids phenol technique in nail surgery. .JAPA62::395. ,1972. ."},{"key":"R6","series-title":"N Z Med J","first-page":"140","volume":"86","year":"1977","unstructured":"Gallocher J: The phenol\/alcohol method of nail matrix sterilisation. .N Z Med J86::140. ,1977. .271893"},{"key":"R7","series-title":"J Bone Joint Surg Br","first-page":"131","volume":"73","year":"1991","unstructured":"Grieg JD: The surgical treatment of ingrowing toenails. .J Bone Joint Surg Br73::131. ,1991. .1991748"},{"key":"R8","series-title":"JAPA","first-page":"421","volume":"64","year":"1974","unstructured":"Freund PA: Onychomycosis: diagnosis and treatment. .JAPA64::421. ,1974. ."},{"key":"R9","series-title":"Am J Surg","first-page":"298","volume":"38","year":"1937","unstructured":"Heifetz CJ: Ingrown toe-nail: a clinical study. .Am J Surg38::298. ,1937. ."},{"key":"R10","series-title":"J Am Coll Surg","first-page":"96","volume":"187","year":"1998","unstructured":"Iklard RW: Onychocryptosis. .J Am Coll Surg187::96. ,1998. .9660032"},{"key":"R11","series-title":"Orthop Clin North Am","first-page":"95","volume":"5","year":"1974","unstructured":"Ilfeld FW, August W: Treatment of ingrown toenail with plastic insert. .Orthop Clin North Am5::95. ,1974. .4809549"},{"key":"R12","series-title":"JAPA","first-page":"111","volume":"50","year":"1960","unstructured":"Kaplan EG: Elimination of onychauxis by surgery. .JAPA50::111. ,1960. ."},{"key":"R13","series-title":"JAPMA","first-page":"208","volume":"90","year":"2000","unstructured":"Kominsky SJ, Daniels MD: A modified approach to the phenol and alcohol chemical partial matrixectomy. .JAPMA90::208. ,2000. ."},{"key":"R14","series-title":"JAPMA","first-page":"33","volume":"81","year":"1991","unstructured":"Kuwada GT: Long-term evaluation of partial and total surgical and phenol matrixectomies. .JAPMA81::33. ,1991. ."},{"key":"R15","series-title":"Cutis","first-page":"119","volume":"20","year":"1977","unstructured":"Lathrop RG: Ingrowing toenails: causes and treatment. .Cutis20::119. ,1977. .884956"},{"key":"R16","series-title":"Aust Fam Physician","first-page":"720","volume":"10","year":"1981","unstructured":"Leigh B: Ingrowing toenail. .Aust Fam Physician10::720. ,1981. .7305751"},{"key":"R17","series-title":"JAPA","first-page":"46","volume":"64","year":"1974","unstructured":"Yale JF: Phenol-alcohol technique for correction of infected ingrown toenail. .JAPA64::46. ,1974. ."},{"key":"R18","unstructured":"American College of Foot Surgeons: Ingrown Toenail: Preferred Practice Guidelines, American College of Foot Surgeons, Chicago, 1992.."},{"key":"R19","unstructured":"Coughlin MJ: \u201cToenail Abnormalities,\u201d in Surgery of the Foot and Ankle, ed by M Coughlin, RA Mann, 7th Ed, p 1067, CV Mosby, St Louis, 1999.."},{"key":"R20","unstructured":"Johnson KA: \u201cMarginal Toenail Ablation,\u201d in The Foot and Ankle, p 3, Raven Press, New York, 1996.."},{"key":"R21","unstructured":"Rudowski W: Burn Therapy and Research, p 256, Polish Medical Publishers, Warsaw, 1976.."},{"key":"R22","unstructured":"US Department of Health, Education and Welfare, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health: Criteria for a Recommended Standard: Occupational Exposure to Phenol, Washington, DC, July 1976.."},{"key":"R23","series-title":"Curr Chiropody","first-page":"17","volume":"August","year":"1953","unstructured":"Gottlieb MM, Gottlieb JJ: The permanent removal of nails by evulsion and chemical cauterization. .Curr Chiropody (August)::17. ,1953. ."},{"key":"R24","series-title":"J N J Chiropodists Soc","first-page":"5","volume":"April","year":"1956","unstructured":"Nyman SP: The phenol-alcohol technique for toenail excision. .J N J Chiropodists Soc (April)::5. ,1956. ."},{"key":"R25","series-title":"JAPA","first-page":"900","volume":"52","year":"1962","unstructured":"Suppan RJ, Ritchlin JD: A non-debilitating surgical procedure for ingrown toenail. .JAPA52::900. ,1962. ."},{"key":"R26","series-title":"Curr Podiatry","first-page":"20","volume":"13","year":"1964","unstructured":"Greene AA: A modification of the phenol-alcohol technique for toenail correction. .Curr Podiatry13::20. ,1964. ."},{"key":"R27","series-title":"JAPA","first-page":"661","volume":"55","year":"1965","unstructured":"Cooper CT: Phenol-alcohol nail procedure: postoperative care. .JAPA55::661. ,1965. ."},{"key":"R28","series-title":"Chiropodist","first-page":"315","volume":"36","year":"1981","unstructured":"Dagnall JC: [Letter to the editor]. .Chiropodist36::315. ,1981. ."},{"key":"R29","series-title":"Br J Chiropody","first-page":"221","volume":"43","year":"1978","unstructured":"McGlamry ED: Nail matrix phenolization. .Br J Chiropody43::221. ,1978. 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