{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,23]],"date-time":"2026-06-23T08:51:48Z","timestamp":1782204708868,"version":"3.54.5"},"edition-number":"1","reference-count":0,"publisher":"The MIT Press","isbn-type":[{"value":"9780262035774","type":"print"},{"value":"9780262338301","type":"electronic"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2017,5,12]]},"abstract":"<p>Energy is the only universal currency; it is necessary for getting anything done. The conversion of energy on Earth ranges from terra-forming forces of plate tectonics to cumulative erosive effects of raindrops. Life on Earth depends on the photosynthetic conversion of solar energy into plant biomass. Humans have come to rely on many more energy flows\u2014ranging from fossil fuels to photovoltaic generation of electricity\u2014for their civilized existence. This book provides a comprehensive account of how energy has shaped society, from pre-agricultural foraging societies through today\u2019s fossil fuel-driven civilization. Humans are the only species that can systematically harness energies outside their bodies, using the power of their intellect and an enormous variety of artifacts\u2014from the simplest tools to internal combustion engines and nuclear reactors. The epochal transition to fossil fuels affected everything: agriculture, industry, transportation, weapons, communication, economics, urbanization, quality of life, politics, and the environment. This book describes humanity\u2019s energy eras in panoramic and interdisciplinary fashion, offering readers a magisterial overview.<\/p>","DOI":"10.7551\/mitpress\/9780262035774.001.0001","type":"monograph","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,1,23]],"date-time":"2018-01-23T09:24:13Z","timestamp":1516699453000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":415,"title":["Energy and Civilization"],"prefix":"10.7551","author":[{"given":"Vaclav","family":"Smil","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"281","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,1,18]]},"container-title":[],"original-title":["Energy and Civilization"],"language":"en","deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,22]],"date-time":"2022-08-22T15:41:43Z","timestamp":1661182903000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/direct.mit.edu\/books\/book\/3576"},"secondary":[{"URL":"http:\/\/mitpress.universitypressscholarship.com\/view\/10.7551\/mitpress\/9780262035774.001.0001\/upso-9780262035774","label":"UPSO_SECONDARY"}]},"subtitle":["A History"],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2017,5,12]]},"ISBN":["9780262035774","9780262338301"],"references-count":0,"aliases":["10.7551\/mitpress\/10752.001.0001"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7551\/mitpress\/9780262035774.001.0001","relation":{},"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2017,5,12]]}}}