{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,30]],"date-time":"2026-10-30T01:37:58Z","timestamp":1793324278068,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":81,"publisher":"eLife Sciences Publications, Ltd","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,16]],"date-time":"2025-09-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1757980800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,16]],"date-time":"2025-09-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1757980800000},"content-version":"am","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,16]],"date-time":"2025-09-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1757980800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000001","name":"National Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["IOS-1456301"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["IOS-1456301"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000001","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000001","name":"National Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["MCB-1817308"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MCB-1817308"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000001","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000001","name":"National Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["NSF IOS-2226050\/51"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NSF IOS-2226050\/51"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000001","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000001","name":"National Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["Graduate Research Fellowship Program"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Graduate Research Fellowship Program"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000001","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["elifesciences.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Lysogens, bacteria with one or more viruses (prophages) integrated into their genomes, are abundant in the gut of animals. Prophages often influence bacterial traits; however, the influence of prophages on the gut microbiota\u2013host immune axis in animals remains poorly understood. Here, we investigate the influence of the prophage SfPat on\n                    <jats:italic>Shewanella fidelis<\/jats:italic>\n                    3313, a persistent member of the gut microbiome of the model marine tunicate,\n                    <jats:italic>Ciona robusta<\/jats:italic>\n                    . Establishment of a SfPat deletion mutant (\u0394SfPat) reveals the influence of this prophage on bacterial physiology in vitro and during colonization of the\n                    <jats:italic>Ciona<\/jats:italic>\n                    gut. In vitro, deletion of SfPat reduces\n                    <jats:italic>S. fidelis<\/jats:italic>\n                    3313 motility and swimming while increasing biofilm formation. To understand the in vivo impact of these prophage-induced changes in bacterial traits, we exposed metamorphic stage 4\n                    <jats:italic>Ciona<\/jats:italic>\n                    juveniles to wildtype (WT) and \u0394SfPat strains. During colonization, \u0394SfPat localizes to overlapping and distinct areas of the gut compared to the WT strain. We examined the differential expression of various regulators of cyclic-di-GMP, a secondary signaling molecule that mediates biofilm formation and motility. The\n                    <jats:italic>pdeB<\/jats:italic>\n                    gene, which encodes a bacterial phosphodiesterase known to influence biofilm formation and motility by degrading cyclic-di-GMP, is upregulated in the WT strain but not in \u0394SfPat when examined in vivo. Expression of the\n                    <jats:italic>Ciona<\/jats:italic>\n                    gut immune effector, VCBP-C, is enhanced during colonization by \u0394SfPat compared to the WT strain; however, VCBP-C binding to the WT strain does not promote the excision of SfPat in an SOS-dependent pathway. Instead, VCBP-C binding significantly reduces the expression of a phage major capsid protein. Our findings suggest that SfPat influences host perception of this important colonizing commensal and highlights the significance of investigating tripartite dynamics between prophages, bacteria, and their animal hosts to better understand the gut microbiota-host immune axis.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.7554\/elife.103107","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,6]],"date-time":"2025-01-06T10:25:19Z","timestamp":1736159119000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7554\/elife.103107","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Prophage regulation of Shewanella fidelis 3313 motility and biofilm formation with implications for gut colonization dynamics in Ciona robusta"],"prefix":"10.7554","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7887-2640","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Ojas","family":"Natarajan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/032db5x82","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Department of Pediatrics, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida","place":["Tampa, United States"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"},{"role":"conceptualization","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"data-curation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"formal-analysis","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"investigation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"methodology","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"project-administration","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"validation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"visualization","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"writing-original-draft","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"writing-review-editing","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"given":"Susanne 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