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In this study, we investigate whether the premotor circuitry of jaw and tongue motoneurons contain elements for coordination. Using a modified monosynaptic rabies virus-based transsynaptic tracing strategy, we systematically mapped premotor neurons for the jaw-closing masseter muscle and the tongue-protruding genioglossus muscle. The maps revealed that the two groups of premotor neurons are distributed in regions implicated in rhythmogenesis, descending motor control, and sensory feedback. Importantly, we discovered several premotor connection configurations that are ideally suited for coordinating bilaterally symmetric jaw movements, and for enabling co-activation of specific jaw, tongue, and facial muscles. Our findings suggest that shared premotor neurons that form specific multi-target connections with selected motoneurons are a simple and general solution to the problem of orofacial coordination.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.7554\/elife.02511","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,4,30]],"date-time":"2014-04-30T11:28:13Z","timestamp":1398857293000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":117,"title":["Monosynaptic premotor circuit tracing reveals neural substrates for oro-motor coordination"],"prefix":"10.7554","volume":"3","author":[{"suffix":"IV","given":"Edward","family":"Stanek","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurobiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, United States"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Steven","family":"Cheng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurobiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, United States"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jun","family":"Takatoh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurobiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, United States"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bao-Xia","family":"Han","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurobiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, United States"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fan","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurobiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, United States"},{"name":"Department of Cell Biology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, United States"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"4374","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2014,4,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"bib1","first-page":"A7","article-title":"Afferent-projections to the hypoglossal nuclei in the rat and cat","volume":"196","author":"Aldes","year":"1980","journal-title":"The Anatomical Record"},{"key":"bib2","author":"Allen Mouse Brain Connectivity Atlas","year":"2014a","unstructured":"Allen Mouse Brain Connectivity Atlas. 2014a. http:\/\/connectivity.brain-map.org\/projection\/experiment\/siv\/127650431?imageId=127650785%26imageType=TWO_PHOTON%2cSEGMENTA%20TION%26initImage=TWO_PHOTON%26x=18920%26y=11225%26z=3."},{"key":"bib3","author":"Allen Mouse Brain Connectivity Atlas","year":"2014b","unstructured":"Allen Mouse Brain Connectivity Atlas. 2014b. http:\/\/connectivity.brain-map.org\/projection\/experiment\/siv\/268389532?imageId=268390024%26imageType=TWO_PHOTON%2cSEGMENTA%20TION%26initImage=TWO_PHOTON%26x=22373%26y=12465%26z=3."},{"key":"bib4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"384","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00228130","article-title":"Axonal branching of medullary swallowing neurons projecting on the trigeminal and hypoglossal motor nuclei: demonstration by electrophysiological and fluorescent double labeling techniques","volume":"81","author":"Amri","year":"1990","journal-title":"Experimental Brain Research"},{"key":"bib5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"387","DOI":"10.1002\/cne.902580307","article-title":"Transneuronal transport of wheat germ agglutinin-conjugated horseradish peroxidase into trigeminal interneurones of the rat","volume":"258","author":"Appenteng","year":"1987","journal-title":"The Journal of Comparative Neurology"},{"key":"bib6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"900","DOI":"10.1038\/nature08536","article-title":"Molecular genetics and imaging technologies for circuit-based neuroanatomy","volume":"461","author":"Arenkiel","year":"2009","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"bib7","first-page":"531","article-title":"The adult mouse facial nerve nucleus: morphology and musculotopic organization","volume":"135","author":"Ashwell","year":"1982","journal-title":"Journal of Anatomy"},{"key":"bib8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-8993(83)90961-7","article-title":"Brain-Stem afferents of hypoglossal neurons in the rat","volume":"269","author":"Borke","year":"1983","journal-title":"Brain Research"},{"key":"bib9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"467","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1749-6632.1998.tb10607.x","article-title":"Neural circuits for taste. 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