{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,6]],"date-time":"2026-10-06T23:23:13Z","timestamp":1791328993516,"version":"4.3.1"},"reference-count":84,"publisher":"eLife Sciences Publications, Ltd","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2014,6,27]],"date-time":"2014-06-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1403827200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/publicdomain\/zero\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2014,6,27]],"date-time":"2014-06-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1403827200000},"content-version":"am","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/publicdomain\/zero\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2014,6,27]],"date-time":"2014-06-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1403827200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/publicdomain\/zero\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2014,6,27]],"date-time":"2014-06-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1403827200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/publicdomain\/zero\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2014,6,27]],"date-time":"2014-06-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1403827200000},"content-version":"am","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/publicdomain\/zero\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2014,6,27]],"date-time":"2014-06-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1403827200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/publicdomain\/zero\/1.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000769","name":"University Of Oxford","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["Department of Zoology, Sir Richard Southwood Graduate Scholarship"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Department of Zoology, Sir Richard Southwood Graduate Scholarship"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000769","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100004440","name":"Wellcome Trust","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["095066"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["095066"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100004440","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000865","name":"Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["#OPP1053338"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["#OPP1053338"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000865","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000268","name":"Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["Studentship"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Studentship"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000268","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000780","name":"European Commission","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["#21803"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["#21803"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000780","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R01LM010812"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01LM010812"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000865","name":"Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["#OPP1068048"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["#OPP1068048"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000865","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000265","name":"Medical Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["#K00669X"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["#K00669X"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000265","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000769","name":"University Of Oxford","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["Department of Zoology, Sir Richard Southwood Graduate Scholarship"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Department of Zoology, Sir Richard Southwood Graduate Scholarship"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000769","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100004440","name":"Wellcome Trust","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["095066"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["095066"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100004440","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000865","name":"Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["#OPP1053338"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["#OPP1053338"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000865","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000268","name":"Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["Studentship"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Studentship"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000268","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000780","name":"European Commission","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["#21803"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["#21803"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000780","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R01LM010812"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01LM010812"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000865","name":"Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["#OPP1068048"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["#OPP1068048"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000865","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000265","name":"Medical Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["#K00669X"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["#K00669X"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000265","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.elifesciences.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"abstract":"<jats:p>The leishmaniases are vector-borne diseases that have a broad global distribution throughout much of the Americas, Africa, and Asia. Despite representing a significant public health burden, our understanding of the global distribution of the leishmaniases remains vague, reliant upon expert opinion and limited to poor spatial resolution. A global assessment of the consensus of evidence for leishmaniasis was performed at a sub-national level by aggregating information from a variety of sources. A database of records of cutaneous and visceral leishmaniasis occurrence was compiled from published literature, online reports, strain archives, and GenBank accessions. These, with a suite of biologically relevant environmental covariates, were used in a boosted regression tree modelling framework to generate global environmental risk maps for the leishmaniases. These high-resolution evidence-based maps can help direct future surveillance activities, identify areas to target for disease control and inform future burden estimation efforts.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.7554\/elife.02851","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,6,27]],"date-time":"2014-06-27T11:23:10Z","timestamp":1403868190000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":240,"title":["Global distribution maps of the leishmaniases"],"prefix":"10.7554","volume":"3","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6731-4034","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"David M","family":"Pigott","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Spatial Ecology and Epidemiology Group, Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Samir","family":"Bhatt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Spatial Ecology and Epidemiology Group, Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nick","family":"Golding","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Spatial Ecology and Epidemiology Group, Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kirsten A","family":"Duda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Spatial Ecology and Epidemiology Group, Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Katherine E","family":"Battle","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Spatial Ecology and Epidemiology Group, Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Oliver J","family":"Brady","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Spatial Ecology and Epidemiology Group, Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jane P","family":"Messina","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Spatial Ecology and Epidemiology Group, Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yves","family":"Balard","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratoire de Parasitologie\u2013Mycologie, UFR M\u00e9decine, Universit\u00e9 Montpellier 1 and UMR \u2018MiVEGEC\u2019, CNRS 5290\/IRD 224, Montpellier, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Patrick","family":"Bastien","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratoire de Parasitologie\u2013Mycologie, UFR M\u00e9decine, Universit\u00e9 Montpellier 1 and UMR \u2018MiVEGEC\u2019, CNRS 5290\/IRD 224, Montpellier, France"},{"name":"Departement de Parasitologie\u2013Mycologie, CHRU de Montpellier, Centre National de R\u00e9f\u00e9rence des Leishmanioses, Montpellier, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Francine","family":"Pratlong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratoire de Parasitologie\u2013Mycologie, UFR M\u00e9decine, Universit\u00e9 Montpellier 1 and UMR \u2018MiVEGEC\u2019, CNRS 5290\/IRD 224, Montpellier, France"},{"name":"Departement de Parasitologie\u2013Mycologie, CHRU de Montpellier, Centre National de R\u00e9f\u00e9rence des Leishmanioses, Montpellier, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"John S","family":"Brownstein","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, United States"},{"name":"Children's Hospital Informatics Program, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, United States"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Clark C","family":"Freifeld","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Children's Hospital Informatics Program, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, United States"},{"name":"Department of Biomedical Engineering, Boston University, Boston, United States"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sumiko R","family":"Mekaru","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Children's Hospital Informatics Program, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, United States"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Peter W","family":"Gething","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Spatial Ecology and Epidemiology Group, Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dylan B","family":"George","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Fogarty International Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, United States"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Monica F","family":"Myers","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Spatial Ecology and Epidemiology Group, Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Richard","family":"Reithinger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Global Health Group, RTI International, Washington DC, United States"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0611-7272","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Simon I","family":"Hay","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Spatial Ecology and Epidemiology Group, Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom"},{"name":"Fogarty International Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, United States"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"4374","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2014,6,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"bib1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e35671","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0035671","article-title":"Leishmaniasis worldwide and global estimates of its incidence","volume":"7","author":"Alvar","year":"2012","journal-title":"PLOS ONE"},{"key":"bib2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"523","DOI":"10.1016\/0738-081x(96)00041-7","article-title":"Leishmaniasis reservoirs and their significance in control","volume":"14","author":"Ashford","year":"1996","journal-title":"Clinics in Dermatology"},{"key":"bib3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1016\/S0065-308X(05)62004-0","article-title":"Determining global population distribution: methods, applications and data","volume":"62","author":"Balk","year":"2006","journal-title":"Advances in Parasitology"},{"key":"bib4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1451","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-0691.2011.03640.x","article-title":"Clinical pleiomorphism in human leishmaniases, with special mention of asymptomatic infection","volume":"17","author":"Banuls","year":"2011","journal-title":"Clinical Microbiology and Infection"},{"key":"bib5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"327","DOI":"10.1111\/j.2041-210X.2011.00172.x","article-title":"Selecting pseudo-absences for species distribution models: how, where and how many?","volume":"3","author":"Barbet-Massin","year":"2012","journal-title":"Methods in Ecology and Evolution"},{"key":"bib6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"150","DOI":"10.1603\/0022-2585(2007)44[150:EOTOMO]2.0.CO;2","article-title":"Effect of temperature on metabolism of Phlebotomus papatasi (Diptera : Psychodidae)","volume":"44","author":"Benkova","year":"2007","journal-title":"Journal of Medical Entomology"},{"key":"bib7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e599","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0000599","article-title":"Of cattle, sand flies and men: a systematic review of risk factor analyses for South Asian visceral leishmaniasis and implications for elimination","volume":"4","author":"Bern","year":"2010","journal-title":"PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases"},{"key":"bib8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e313","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0000313","article-title":"Complexities of assessing the disease burden attributable to leishmaniasis","volume":"2","author":"Bern","year":"2008","journal-title":"PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases"},{"key":"bib9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"504","DOI":"10.1038\/Nature12060","article-title":"The global distribution and burden of dengue","volume":"496","author":"Bhatt","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.4081\/gh.2012.104","article-title":"Seasonal relationship between normalized difference vegetation index and abundance of the Phlebotomus kala-azar vector in an endemic focus in Bihar, India","volume":"7","author":"Bhunia","year":"2012","journal-title":"Geospatial Health"},{"key":"bib11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1179\/136485910x12607012373678","article-title":"The use of remote sensing in the identification of the eco-environmental factors associated with the risk of human visceral leishmaniasis (kala-azar) on the Gangetic plain, in north-eastern India","volume":"104","author":"Bhunia","year":"2010","journal-title":"Annals of Tropical Medicine and Parasitology"},{"key":"bib12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"639","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-3156.2009.02279.x","article-title":"The poorest of the poor: a poverty appraisal of households affected by visceral leishmaniasis in Bihar, India","volume":"14","author":"Boelaert","year":"2009","journal-title":"Tropical Medicine & International Health"},{"key":"bib13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1760","DOI":"10.1371\/Journal.Pntd.0001760","article-title":"Refining the global spatial limits of dengue virus transmission by evidence-based consensus","volume":"6","author":"Brady","year":"2012","journal-title":"PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases"},{"key":"bib14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"339","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2012.12.008","article-title":"Entomological and ecological studies in a new potential zoonotic leishmaniasis focus in Torres Novas municipality, Central region, Portugal","volume":"125","author":"Branco","year":"2013","journal-title":"Acta Tropica"},{"key":"bib15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1641","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1537-2995.2006.00941.x","article-title":"Leishmania: risk to the blood supply","volume":"46","author":"Cardo","year":"2006","journal-title":"Transfusion"},{"key":"bib16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1186\/1756-3305-3-31","article-title":"Environmental risk mapping of canine leishmaniasis in France","volume":"3","author":"Chamaille","year":"2010","journal-title":"Parasites & Vectors"},{"key":"bib17","article-title":"Global rural urban mapping project (GRUMP): gridded population of the world, version 3","author":"CIESIN\/IFPRI\/WB\/CIAT","year":"2007","unstructured":"CIESIN\/IFPRI\/WB\/CIAT. 2007. Global rural urban mapping project (GRUMP): gridded population of the world, version 3. http:\/\/sedac.ciesin.columbia.edu\/gpw."},{"key":"bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"530","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.1996.54.530","article-title":"Use of weather data and remote sensing to predict the geographic and seasonal distribution of Phlebotomus papatasi in southwest Asia","volume":"54","author":"Cross","year":"1996","journal-title":"The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene"},{"key":"bib19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"243","DOI":"10.1890\/0012-9658(2007)88[243:Btfema]2.0.Co;2","article-title":"Boosted trees for ecological modeling and prediction","volume":"88","author":"De'ath","year":"2007","journal-title":"Ecology"},{"key":"bib20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"396","DOI":"10.1590\/S0074-02762012000300015","article-title":"Biotic factors and occurrence of Lutzomyia longipalpis in endemic area of visceral leishmaniasis, Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil","volume":"107","author":"de Oliveira","year":"2012","journal-title":"Memorias Do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz"},{"key":"bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1341","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-1-4160-4470-3.50081-1","article-title":"Leishmaniasis","volume-title":"Manson's tropical diseases","author":"Dedet","year":"2009"},{"key":"bib22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1179\/000349803225002499","article-title":"Leishmania\/HIV co-infections: epidemiology in Europe","volume":"97","author":"Desjeux","year":"2003","journal-title":"Annals of Tropical Medicine and Parasitology"},{"key":"bib23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1086\/426549","article-title":"Global infectious diseases and epidemiology network (GIDEON): a world wide web-based program for diagnosis and informatics in infectious diseases","volume":"40","author":"Edberg","year":"2005","journal-title":"Clinical Infectious Diseases"},{"key":"bib24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1111\/j.2006.0906-7590.04596.x","article-title":"Novel methods improve prediction of species' distributions from occurrence data","volume":"29","author":"Elith","year":"2006","journal-title":"Ecography"},{"key":"bib25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"802","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2656.2008.01390.x","article-title":"A working guide to boosted regression trees","volume":"77","author":"Elith","year":"2008","journal-title":"The Journal of Animal Ecology"},{"key":"bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.2003.68.1.0680010","article-title":"Risk mapping of visceral leishmaniasis: the role of local variation in rainfall and altitude on the presence and incidence of kala-azar in eastern Sudan","volume":"68","author":"Elnaiem","year":"2003","journal-title":"The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene"},{"key":"bib27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S23","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1948-7134.2011.00109.x","article-title":"Ecology and control of the sand fly vectors of Leishmania donovani in East Africa, with special emphasis on Phlebotomus orientalis","volume":"36","author":"Elnaiem","year":"2011","journal-title":"Journal of Vector Ecology"},{"key":"bib28","volume-title":"The Global Administrative Unit Layers (GAUL): Technical Aspects","author":"FAO","year":"2008"},{"key":"bib29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1111\/j.0269-283X.2004.0487.x","article-title":"Natural breeding places of phlebotomine sandflies","volume":"18","author":"Feliciangeli","year":"2004","journal-title":"Medical and Veterinary Entomology"},{"key":"bib30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2011.11.006","article-title":"Phlebotominae fauna in a recent deforested area with american tegumentary leishmaniasis transmission (Puerto Iguazu, Misiones, Argentina): seasonal distribution in domestic and peridomestic environments","volume":"122","author":"Fernandez","year":"2012","journal-title":"Acta Tropica"},{"key":"bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.4081\/gh.2010.187","article-title":"Temperature-derived potential for the establishment of phlebotomine sandflies and visceral leishmaniasis in Germany","volume":"5","author":"Fischer","year":"2010","journal-title":"Geospatial Health"},{"key":"bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"800","DOI":"10.1002\/0471445428","volume-title":"Statistical methods for rates and proportions","author":"Fleiss","year":"2003"},{"key":"bib33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"150","DOI":"10.1197\/Jamia.M2544","article-title":"HealthMap: global infectious disease monitoring through automated classification and visualization of internet media reports","volume":"15","author":"Freifeld","year":"2008","journal-title":"Journal of the American Medical Informatics Association"},{"key":"bib34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1189","DOI":"10.1214\/aos\/1013203451","article-title":"Greedy function approximation: a gradient boosting machine","volume":"29","author":"Friedman","year":"2001","journal-title":"Annals of Statistics"},{"key":"bib35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"799","DOI":"10.1089\/vbz.2010.0109","article-title":"Mapping the current distribution and predicted spread of the leishmaniosis sand fly vector in the Madrid region (Spain) based on environmental variables and expected climate change","volume":"11","author":"Galvez","year":"2011","journal-title":"Vector Borne and Zoonotic Diseases"},{"key":"bib36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2003.09.021","article-title":"Mapping the potential distribution of Phlebotomus martini and P. orientalis (Diptera : Psychodidae), vectors of kala-azar in East Africa by use of geographic information systems","volume":"90","author":"Gebre-Michael","year":"2004","journal-title":"Acta Tropica"},{"key":"bib37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"839","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.2011.10-0452","article-title":"Current knowledge of Leishmania vectors in Mexico: how geographic distributions of species relate to transmission areas","volume":"85","author":"Gonzalez","year":"2011","journal-title":"The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene"},{"key":"bib38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e585","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0000585","article-title":"Climate change and risk of leishmaniasis in North America: predictions from ecological niche models of vector and reservoir species","volume":"4","author":"Gonzalez","year":"2010","journal-title":"PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases"},{"key":"bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"190","DOI":"10.7705\/biomedica.v20i3.1060","article-title":"Effects of temperature and diet on growth and longevity of phlebotomine sand flies (Diptera: Psychodidae)","volume":"20","author":"Guzman","year":"2000","journal-title":"Biomedica: revista del Instituto Nacional de Salud"},{"key":"bib40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"403","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pt.2011.04.001","article-title":"Urban parasitology: visceral leishmaniasis in Brazil","volume":"27","author":"Harhay","year":"2011","journal-title":"Trends in Parasitology"},{"key":"bib41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e20817","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0020817","article-title":"Integrated mapping of establishment risk for merging vector-borne infections: a case study of canine leishmaniasis in southwest France","volume":"6","author":"Hartemink","year":"2011","journal-title":"PLOS ONE"},{"key":"bib42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"20120250","DOI":"10.1098\/rstb.2012.0250","article-title":"Global mapping of infectious disease","volume":"368","author":"Hay","year":"2013","journal-title":"Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London Series B, Biological Sciences"},{"key":"bib43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1016\/S0065-308X(05)62002-7","article-title":"Global environmental data for mapping infectious disease distribution","volume":"62","author":"Hay","year":"2006","journal-title":"Advances in Parasitology"},{"key":"bib44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"373","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.2009.81.373","article-title":"Natural history of a visceral leishmaniasis outbreak in highland Ethiopia","volume":"81","author":"Herrero","year":"2009","journal-title":"The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene"},{"key":"bib45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1965","DOI":"10.1002\/Joc.1276","article-title":"Very high resolution interpolated climate surfaces for global land areas","volume":"25","author":"Hijmans","year":"2005","journal-title":"International Journal of Climatology"},{"key":"bib46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"955","DOI":"10.1603\/Me13053","article-title":"The effect of temperature on Leishmania (Kinetoplastida: Trypanosomatidae) development in sand flies","volume":"50","author":"Hlavacova","year":"2013","journal-title":"Journal of Medical Entomology"},{"key":"bib47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"385","DOI":"10.1080\/02693799508902045","article-title":"Interpolating mean rainfall using thin-plate smoothing splines","volume":"9","author":"Hutchinson","year":"1995","journal-title":"International Journal of Geographical Information Systems"},{"key":"bib48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"775","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1199326","article-title":"Leishmania RNA virus controls the severity of mucocutaneous leishmaniasis","volume":"331","author":"Ives","year":"2011","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"bib49","first-page":"328","article-title":"Laboratory estimation of degree-day developmental requirements of Phlebotomus papatasi (Diptera : Psychodidae)","volume":"30","author":"Kasap","year":"2005","journal-title":"Journal of Vector Ecology"},{"key":"bib50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"279","DOI":"10.1016\/S0738-081x(99)00046-2","article-title":"The biology and control of phlebotomine sand flies","volume":"17","author":"Killick-Kendrick","year":"1999","journal-title":"Clinics in Dermatology"},{"key":"bib51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"592","DOI":"10.1093\/trstmh\/trt062","article-title":"Small mammals as hosts of Leishmania spp. in a highly endemic area for zoonotic leishmaniasis in north-eastern Brazil","volume":"107","author":"Lima","year":"2013","journal-title":"Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene"},{"key":"bib52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2095","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(12)61728-0","article-title":"Global and regional mortality from 235 causes of death for 20 age groups in 1990 and 2010: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2010","volume":"380","author":"Lozano","year":"2012","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"bib53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"587","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-3024.2009.01117.x","article-title":"Protein-energy malnutrition as a risk factor for visceral leishmaniasis: a review","volume":"31","author":"Malafaia","year":"2009","journal-title":"Parasite Immunology"},{"key":"bib54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e14751","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0014751","article-title":"Visceral leishmaniasis in Muzaffarpur district, Bihar, India from 1990 to 2008","volume":"6","author":"Malaviya","year":"2011","journal-title":"PLOS ONE"},{"key":"bib55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2197","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(12)61689-4","article-title":"Disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) for 291 diseases and injuries in 21 regions, 1990-2010: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2010","volume":"380","author":"Murray","year":"2012","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"bib56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1561","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(05)67629-5","article-title":"Advances in leishmaniasis","volume":"366","author":"Murray","year":"2005","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"bib57","first-page":"73","article-title":"New metrics for environmental economics: gridded economic data","volume":"8","author":"Nordhaus","year":"2008","journal-title":"Integrated Assessment"},{"key":"bib58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3510","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0509842103","article-title":"Geography and macroeconomics: new data and new findings","volume":"103","author":"Nordhaus","year":"2006","journal-title":"Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America"},{"key":"bib59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1003504","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1003504","article-title":"Cytotoxic T cells mediate pathology and metastasis in cutaneous leishmaniasis","volume":"9","author":"Novais","year":"2013","journal-title":"PLOS Pathogens"},{"key":"bib60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"483","DOI":"10.1007\/s00114-008-0352-5","article-title":"Biogeography of diseases: a framework for analysis","volume":"95","author":"Peterson","year":"2008","journal-title":"Die Naturwissenschaften"},{"key":"bib61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"314","DOI":"10.23943\/princeton\/9780691136868.001.0001","volume-title":"Ecological niches and geographic distributions","author":"Peterson","year":"2011"},{"key":"bib62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.1890\/07-2153.1","article-title":"Sample selection bias and presence-only distribution models: implications for background and pseudo-absence data","volume":"19","author":"Phillips","year":"2009","journal-title":"Ecological Applications"},{"key":"bib63","first-page":"1384","article-title":"Logistic methods for resource selection functions and presence-only species distribution models","volume-title":"Proceedings of the Twenty-Fifth AAAI Conference on Artificial Intelligence","author":"Phillips","year":"2011"},{"key":"bib64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S106","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1948-7134.2011.00119.x","article-title":"Bionomics of phlebotomine sand flies from three villages in Bihar, India","volume":"36","author":"Poche","year":"2011","journal-title":"Journal of Vector Ecology"},{"key":"bib65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"227","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-ento-120811-153557","article-title":"Biology of phlebotomine sand flies as vectors of disease agents","volume":"58","author":"Ready","year":"2013","journal-title":"Annual Review of Entomology"},{"key":"bib66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e285","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0000285","article-title":"Leishmaniases' burden of disease: ways forward for getting from speculation to reality","volume":"2","author":"Reithinger","year":"2008","journal-title":"PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases"},{"key":"bib67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1128\/Jcm.02029-06","article-title":"Molecular diagnosis of leishmaniasis: current status and future applications","volume":"45","author":"Reithinger","year":"2007","journal-title":"Journal of Clinical Microbiology"},{"key":"bib68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"581","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(07)70209-8","article-title":"Cutaneous leishmaniasis","volume":"7","author":"Reithinger","year":"2007","journal-title":"The Lancet Infectious Diseases"},{"key":"bib69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"225","DOI":"10.1080\/00034983.1996.11813049","article-title":"Predicting the distribution of tsetse flies in west Africa using temporal Fourier processed meteorological satellite data","volume":"90","author":"Rogers","year":"1996","journal-title":"Annals of Tropical Medicine and Parasitology"},{"key":"bib70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1408","DOI":"10.1371\/Journal.Pone.0001408","article-title":"Global data for ecology and epidemiology: a novel algorithm for temporal Fourier processing MODIS data","volume":"3","author":"Scharlemann","year":"2008","journal-title":"PLOS ONE"},{"key":"bib71","article-title":"Sistema de Informa\u00e7\u00e3o de Agravos de Notifica\u00e7\u00e3o","author":"SINAN","year":"2013"},{"key":"bib72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2008.04.025","article-title":"Breeding ecology of visceral leishmaniasis vector sandfly in Bihar state of India","volume":"107","author":"Singh","year":"2008","journal-title":"Acta Tropica"},{"key":"bib73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1186\/1756-3305-4-89","article-title":"The dominant Anopheles vectors of human malaria in the Asia-Pacific region: occurrence data, distribution maps and bionomic precis","volume":"4","author":"Sinka","year":"2011","journal-title":"Parasites & Vectors"},{"key":"bib74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1186\/1756-3305-3-117","article-title":"The dominant Anopheles vectors of human malaria in Africa, Europe and the Middle East: occurrence data, distribution maps and bionomic precis","volume":"3","author":"Sinka","year":"2010","journal-title":"Parasites & Vectors"},{"key":"bib75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"72","DOI":"10.1186\/1756-3305-3-72","article-title":"The dominant Anopheles vectors of human malaria in the Americas: occurrence data, distribution maps and bionomic precis","volume":"3","author":"Sinka","year":"2010","journal-title":"Parasites & Vectors"},{"key":"bib76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e55158","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0055158","article-title":"The effects of sampling bias and model complexity on the predictive performance of MaxEnt species distribution models","volume":"8","author":"Syfert","year":"2013","journal-title":"PLOS ONE"},{"key":"bib77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-3156.1999.00368.x","article-title":"Towards a kala azar risk map for Sudan: mapping the potential distribution of Phlebotomus orientalis using digital data of environmental variables","volume":"4","author":"Thomson","year":"1999","journal-title":"Tropical Medicine & International Health"},{"key":"bib78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1633","DOI":"10.1371\/Journal.Pntd.0001633","article-title":"Temporal dynamics and impact of climate factors on the incidence of zoonotic cutaneous leishmaniasis in central Tunisia","volume":"6","author":"Toumi","year":"2012","journal-title":"PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases"},{"key":"bib79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2334-13-21","article-title":"An outbreak investigation of visceral leishmaniasis among residents of Dharan town, eastern Nepal, evidence for urban transmission of Leishmania donovani","volume":"13","author":"Uranw","year":"2013","journal-title":"BMC Infectious Diseases"},{"key":"bib80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"589","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecolmodel.2008.11.010","article-title":"Selecting pseudo-absence data for presence-only distribution modeling: how far should you stray from what you know?","volume":"220","author":"Van Der Wal","year":"2009","journal-title":"Ecological Modelling"},{"key":"bib81","first-page":"59","volume-title":"Neglected tropical diseases, hidden successes, emerging opportunities","author":"WHO","year":"2009"},{"key":"bib82","first-page":"186","volume-title":"Control of the Leishmaniases. Report of a Meeting of the WHO Expert Committee on the Control of Leishmaniases","author":"WHO","year":"2010"},{"key":"bib83","first-page":"170","volume-title":"World Health Statistics 2011","author":"WHO","year":"2011"},{"key":"bib84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"653","DOI":"10.1590\/S0074-02762008000700005","article-title":"Spatial modelling of Lutzomyia (Nyssomyia) whitmani sensu lato (Antunes & Coutinho, 1939) (Diptera: Psychodidae: Phlebotominae) habitat suitability in the state of Mato Grosso, Brazil","volume":"103","author":"Zeilhofer","year":"2008","journal-title":"Memorias Do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz"}],"container-title":["eLife"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/cdn.elifesciences.org\/articles\/02851\/elife-02851-v2.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/cdn.elifesciences.org\/articles\/02851\/elife-02851-v2.xml","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/elifesciences.org\/articles\/02851","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,11]],"date-time":"2023-10-11T20:45:20Z","timestamp":1697057120000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/elifesciences.org\/articles\/02851"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2014,6,27]]},"references-count":84,"alternative-id":["10.7554\/eLife.02851"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7554\/elife.02851","archive":["CLOCKSS"],"relation":{"is-supplemented-by":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.5061\/dryad.05f5h","asserted-by":"subject"}],"has-review":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.7554\/eLife.02851.019","asserted-by":"object"},{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.7554\/eLife.02851.018","asserted-by":"object"}]},"ISSN":["2050-084X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2050-084X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2014,6,27]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2014-03-23","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2014-06-26","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2014-06-27","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}],"article-number":"e02851"}}