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Yet, it has remained a riddle how bacteria invade the fungal cells. Genome mining for potential symbiosis factors and functional analyses revealed that a type 2 secretion system (T2SS) of the bacterial endosymbiont is required for the formation of the endosymbiosis. Comparative proteome analyses show that the T2SS releases chitinolytic enzymes (chitinase, chitosanase) and chitin-binding proteins. The genes responsible for chitinolytic proteins and T2SS components are highly expressed during infection. Through targeted gene knock-outs, sporulation assays and microscopic investigations we found that chitinase is essential for bacteria to enter hyphae. Unprecedented snapshots of the traceless bacterial intrusion were obtained using cryo-electron microscopy. Beyond unveiling the pivotal role of chitinolytic enzymes in the active invasion of a fungus by bacteria, these findings grant unprecedented insight into the fungal cell wall penetration and symbiosis formation.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.7554\/elife.03007","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,9,1]],"date-time":"2014-09-01T07:32:34Z","timestamp":1409556754000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":131,"title":["Active invasion of bacteria into living fungal cells"],"prefix":"10.7554","volume":"3","author":[{"given":"Nadine","family":"Moebius","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomolecular Chemistry, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology, Jena, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zerrin","family":"\u00dcz\u00fcm","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomolecular Chemistry, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology, Jena, 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