{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T05:59:51Z","timestamp":1787032791509,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":58,"publisher":"eLife Sciences Publications, Ltd","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2015,2,3]],"date-time":"2015-02-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1422921600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2015,2,3]],"date-time":"2015-02-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1422921600000},"content-version":"am","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2015,2,3]],"date-time":"2015-02-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1422921600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000865","name":"Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["OPP1068048"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["OPP1068048"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000865","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000156","name":"Fonds de Recherche du Qu\u00e9bec\u2014Sant\u00e9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["Post-doctoral Training Award, 24615"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Post-doctoral Training Award, 24615"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000156","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100004440","name":"Wellcome Trust","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["Senior Research Fellowship, 095066"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Senior Research Fellowship, 095066"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100004440","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000865","name":"Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["OPP1106023"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["OPP1106023"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000865","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"abstract":"<jats:p>Recent studies, partly based on murine models, suggest childhood immunization and vitamin A supplements may confer protection against malaria infection, although strong evidence to support these theories in humans has so far been lacking. We analyzed national survey data from children aged 6\u201359 months in four sub-Saharan African countries over an 18-month time period, to determine the risk of Plasmodium spp. parasitemia (n=8390) and Plasmodium falciparum HRP-2 (PfHRP-2)-related antigenemia (n=6121) following vitamin A supplementation and standard vaccination. Bacille Calmette Guerin-vaccinated children were more likely to be PfHRP-2 positive (relative risk [RR]=4.06, 95% confidence interval [CI]=2.00\u20138.28). No association was identified with parasitemia. Measles and polio vaccination were not associated with malaria. Children receiving vitamin A were less likely to present with parasitemia (RR=0.46, 95% CI=0.39\u20130.54) and antigenemia (RR=0.23, 95% CI=0.17\u20130.29). Future studies focusing on climate seasonality, placental malaria and HIV are needed to characterize better the association between vitamin A and malaria infection in different settings.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.7554\/elife.03925","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,2,3]],"date-time":"2015-02-03T04:00:43Z","timestamp":1422936043000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Vitamin A supplements, routine immunization, and the subsequent risk of Plasmodium infection among children under 5 years in sub-Saharan Africa"],"prefix":"10.7554","volume":"4","author":[{"given":"Maria-Graciela","family":"Hollm-Delgado","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of International Health, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, United States"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fr\u00e9d\u00e9ric B","family":"Piel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Evolutionary Ecology of Infectious Disease Group, Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Daniel J","family":"Weiss","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Spatial Ecology and Epidemiology Group, Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rosalind E","family":"Howes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Spatial Ecology and Epidemiology Group, Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elizabeth A","family":"Stuart","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departments of Mental Health and Biostatistics, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, United States"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0611-7272","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Simon I","family":"Hay","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Spatial Ecology and Epidemiology Group, Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Robert E","family":"Black","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of International Health, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, United States"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"4374","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2015,2,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"bib1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1603","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1132338","article-title":"Dual infection with HIV and malaria fuels the spread of both diseases in sub-Saharan Africa","volume":"314","author":"Abu-Raddad","year":"2006","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"bib2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3393","DOI":"10.2527\/jas.2008-0889","article-title":"The effect of vitamin A supplementation on postnatal adipose tissue development of lambs","volume":"86","author":"Arana","year":"2008","journal-title":"Journal of Animal Science"},{"key":"bib1a","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"629","DOI":"10.3945\/ajcn.2009.27477","article-title":"Does vitamin A supplementation interact with routine vaccinations? 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