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Here we show that compensatory arm usage in individuals born without a hand (one-handers) reflects functional connectivity of spontaneous brain activity in the cortical hand region. Compared with two-handed controls, one-handers showed reduced symmetry of hand region inter-hemispheric resting-state functional connectivity and corticospinal white matter microstructure. Nevertheless, those one-handers who more frequently use their residual (handless) arm for typically bimanual daily tasks also showed more symmetrical functional connectivity of the hand region, demonstrating that adaptive behaviour drives long-range brain organisation. We therefore suggest that compensatory arm usage maintains symmetrical sensorimotor functional connectivity in one-handers. Since variability in spontaneous functional connectivity in our study reflects ecological behaviour, we propose that inter-hemispheric symmetry, typically observed in resting sensorimotor networks, depends on coordinated motor behaviour in daily life.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.7554\/elife.04605","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,1,2]],"date-time":"2015-01-02T07:26:43Z","timestamp":1420183603000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":40,"title":["Normalisation of brain connectivity through compensatory behaviour, despite congenital hand absence"],"prefix":"10.7554","volume":"4","author":[{"given":"Avital","family":"Hahamy","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurobiology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stamatios N","family":"Sotiropoulos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"FMRIB Centre, Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David","family":"Henderson Slater","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Oxford Centre for Enablement, Nuffield Orthopaedic Centre, Oxford, United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rafael","family":"Malach","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurobiology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Heidi","family":"Johansen-Berg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"FMRIB Centre, Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tamar R","family":"Makin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"FMRIB Centre, Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"4374","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2015,1,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"bib1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"649","DOI":"10.1038\/nn.2793","article-title":"Large-scale remapping of visual cortex is absent in adult humans with macular degeneration","volume":"14","author":"Baseler","year":"2011","journal-title":"Nature Neuroscience"},{"key":"bib2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"247","DOI":"10.1006\/jmrb.1994.1037","article-title":"Estimation of the effective self-diffusion tensor from the NMR spin echo","volume":"103","author":"Basser","year":"1994","journal-title":"Journal of Magnetic Resonance. 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