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Here, in rats performing an auditory evidence accumulation task, we inactivated the frontal orienting fields (FOF) and posterior parietal cortex (PPC), two rat cortical regions that have neural correlates of accumulating evidence and that have been proposed as central to decision-making. We used a detailed model of the decision process to analyze the effect of inactivations. Inactivation of the FOF induced substantial performance impairments that were quantitatively best described as an impairment in the output pathway of an evidence accumulator with a long integration time constant (&gt;240 ms). In contrast, we found a minimal role for PPC in decisions guided by accumulating auditory evidence, even while finding a strong role for PPC in internally-guided decisions.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.7554\/elife.05457","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,4,10]],"date-time":"2015-04-10T18:52:36Z","timestamp":1428691956000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":241,"title":["Distinct effects of prefrontal and parietal cortex inactivations on an accumulation of evidence task in the rat"],"prefix":"10.7554","volume":"4","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9073-7986","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Jeffrey C","family":"Erlich","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"NYU-ECNU Institute of Brain and Cognitive Science, NYU Shanghai, Shanghai, China"},{"name":"Princeton Neuroscience Institute, Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, United States"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4831-3466","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Bingni W","family":"Brunton","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Princeton Neuroscience Institute, Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, United States"},{"name":"Department of Biology, UW Institute of Neuroengineering, University of Washington, Seattle, United States"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3095-8653","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Chunyu A","family":"Duan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Princeton Neuroscience Institute, Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, United States"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Timothy D","family":"Hanks","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Princeton Neuroscience Institute, Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, United States"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Carlos D","family":"Brody","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Princeton Neuroscience Institute, Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, United States"},{"name":"Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Princeton University, Princeton, United States"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"4374","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2015,4,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"bib1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8166","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.0243-09.2009","article-title":"Functional significance of nonspatial information in monkey lateral intraparietal area","volume":"29","author":"Balan","year":"2009","journal-title":"The Journal of Neuroscience"},{"key":"bib2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"21767","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0908104107","article-title":"How the brain integrates costs and benefits during decision making","volume":"107","author":"Basten","year":"2010","journal-title":"Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of USA"},{"key":"bib3","volume-title":"lme4: Linear mixed-effects models using S4 classes","author":"Bates","year":"2007"},{"key":"bib4","volume-title":"The lme4 package. 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