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However, the role of stimulus representation in visual and frontal cortices during WM has been controversial. Here, we tested the hypothesis that stimulus representation persists in the frontal cortex to facilitate flexible control demands in WM. During functional MRI, participants flexibly switched between simple WM maintenance of visual stimulus or more complex rule-based categorization of maintained stimulus on a trial-by-trial basis. Our results demonstrated enhanced stimulus representation in the frontal cortex that tracked demands for active WM control and enhanced stimulus representation in the visual cortex that tracked demands for precise WM maintenance. This differential frontal stimulus representation traded off with the newly-generated category representation with varying control demands. Simulation using multi-module recurrent neural networks replicated human neural patterns when stimulus information was preserved for network readout. Altogether, these findings help reconcile the long-standing debate in WM research, and provide empirical and computational evidence that flexible stimulus representation in the frontal cortex during WM serves as a potential neural coding scheme to accommodate the ever-changing environment.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.7554\/elife.100287","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,3]],"date-time":"2024-09-03T12:27:40Z","timestamp":1725366460000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7554\/elife.100287","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Stimulus representation in human frontal cortex supports flexible control in working memory"],"prefix":"10.7554","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0006-0886-4606","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Zhujun","family":"Shao","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/00vpwhm04","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Institute of Neuroscience, State Key Laboratory of Brain Cognition and Brain-inspired Intelligence Technology, Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences","place":["Shanghai, China"]},{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/05qbk4x57","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"University of Chinese Academy of Sciences","place":["Beijing, China"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"},{"role":"data-curation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"formal-analysis","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"investigation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"methodology","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"visualization","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"writing-original-draft","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"writing-review-editing","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0006-9197-1698","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Mengya","family":"Zhang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/00vpwhm04","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Institute of Neuroscience, State Key Laboratory of Brain Cognition and Brain-inspired Intelligence Technology, Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences","place":["Shanghai, China"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"},{"role":"formal-analysis","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"methodology","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"writing-original-draft","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"writing-review-editing","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8480-7634","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Qing","family":"Yu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/00vpwhm04","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Institute of Neuroscience, State Key Laboratory of Brain Cognition and Brain-inspired Intelligence Technology, Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences","place":["Shanghai, China"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"},{"role":"corresponding-author","vocabulary":"crossref"},{"role":"conceptualization","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"funding-acquisition","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"methodology","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"supervision","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"writing-original-draft","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"writing-review-editing","vocabulary":"credit"}]}],"member":"4374","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"bib1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.48550\/arXiv.1605.08695","type":"preprint","article-title":"TensorFlow: A System for Large-Scale Machine Learning","volume-title":"arXiv","author":"Abadi","year":"2016"},{"key":"bib2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"829","DOI":"10.1038\/nrn1201","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Working memory: looking back and looking forward","volume":"4","author":"Baddeley","year":"2003","journal-title":"Nature Reviews. 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