{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,27]],"date-time":"2026-10-27T02:18:26Z","timestamp":1793067506559,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":93,"publisher":"eLife Sciences Publications, Ltd","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,30]],"date-time":"2025-01-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1738195200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,30]],"date-time":"2025-01-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1738195200000},"content-version":"am","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,30]],"date-time":"2025-01-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1738195200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000065","name":"National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R01NS120689"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01NS120689"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000065","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000057","name":"National Institute of General Medical Sciences","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["T32GM152319"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["T32GM152319"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000057","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000065","name":"National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R21NS110397"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R21NS110397"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000065","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["elifesciences.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Sensory experience during developmental critical periods has lifelong consequences for circuit function and behavior, but the molecular and cellular mechanisms through which experience causes these changes are not well understood. The\n                    <jats:italic>Drosophila<\/jats:italic>\n                    antennal lobe houses synapses between olfactory sensory neurons (OSNs) and downstream projection neurons (PNs) in stereotyped glomeruli. Many glomeruli exhibit structural plasticity in response to early-life odor exposure, indicating a general sensitivity of the fly olfactory circuitry to early sensory experience. We recently found that glia shape antennal lobe development in young adults, leading us to ask if glia also drive experience-dependent plasticity during this period. Here, we define a critical period for structural and functional plasticity of OSN-PN synapses in the ethyl butyrate (EB)-sensitive glomerulus VM7. EB exposure for the first 2 days post-eclosion drives large-scale reductions in glomerular volume, presynapse number, and post- synaptic activity. Crucially, pruning during the critical period has long-term consequences for circuit function since both OSN-PN synapse number and spontaneous activity of PNs remain persistently decreased following early-life odor exposure. The highly conserved engulfment receptor Draper is required for this critical period plasticity as ensheathing glia upregulate Draper, invade the VM7 glomerulus, and phagocytose OSN presynaptic terminals in response to critical-period EB exposure. Loss of Draper fully suppresses the morphological and physiological consequences of critical period odor exposure, arguing that phagocytic glia engulf intact synaptic terminals. These data demonstrate experience-dependent pruning of synapses and argue that\n                    <jats:italic>Drosophila<\/jats:italic>\n                    olfactory circuitry is a powerful model for defining the function of glia in critical period plasticity.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.7554\/elife.100989","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,29]],"date-time":"2024-08-29T12:26:00Z","timestamp":1724934360000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7554\/elife.100989","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Glia control experience-dependent plasticity in an olfactory critical period"],"prefix":"10.7554","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0363-1444","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Hans C","family":"Leier","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/051fd9666","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Department of Neurosciences, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine","place":["Cleveland, United States"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"},{"role":"conceptualization","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"data-curation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"formal-analysis","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"investigation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"methodology","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"supervision","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"visualization","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"writing-original-draft","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"writing-review-editing","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7244-619X","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Alexander J","family":"Foden","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/051fd9666","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Department of Neurosciences, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine","place":["Cleveland, United States"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"},{"role":"conceptualization","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"data-curation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"investigation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"methodology","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"supervision","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"given":"Darren A","family":"Jindal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/051fd9666","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Department of Neurosciences, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine","place":["Cleveland, United States"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"},{"role":"investigation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"methodology","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"given":"Abigail J","family":"Wilkov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/051fd9666","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Department of Neurosciences, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine","place":["Cleveland, United States"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"},{"role":"data-curation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"formal-analysis","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"given":"Paola","family":"Van der Linden Costello","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/051fd9666","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Department of Neurosciences, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine","place":["Cleveland, United States"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"},{"role":"data-curation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"formal-analysis","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"given":"Pamela J","family":"Vanderzalm","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/001gmya32","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Department of Biology, John Carroll University","place":["University Heights, United States"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"},{"role":"data-curation","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"given":"Jaeda","family":"Coutinho-Budd","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/0153tk833","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Department of Neuroscience, University of Virginia School of Medicine","place":["Charlottesville, United States"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"},{"role":"conceptualization","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"data-curation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"funding-acquisition","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"investigation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"project-administration","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"given":"Masashi","family":"Tabuchi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/051fd9666","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Department of Neurosciences, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine","place":["Cleveland, United States"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"},{"role":"formal-analysis","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"investigation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"writing-original-draft","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1363-3088","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Heather T","family":"Broihier","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/051fd9666","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Department of Neurosciences, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine","place":["Cleveland, United States"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"},{"role":"corresponding-author","vocabulary":"crossref"},{"role":"conceptualization","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"formal-analysis","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"funding-acquisition","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"methodology","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"project-administration","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"supervision","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"validation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"visualization","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"writing-original-draft","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"writing-review-editing","vocabulary":"credit"}]}],"member":"4374","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"bib1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"414","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-021-03441-2","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Astrocytes close a motor circuit critical period","volume":"592","author":"Ackerman","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"bib2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.0884-22.2022","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Synaptic development in diverse olfactory neuron classes uses distinct temporal and activity-related programs","volume":"43","author":"Aimino","year":"2022","journal-title":"The Journal of Neuroscience"},{"key":"bib3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1101\/2023.07.17.549367","type":"preprint","article-title":"Synlight: a dicistronic strategy for simultaneous active zone and cell labeling in the Drosophila nervous system","volume-title":"bioRxiv","author":"Aimino","year":"2023"},{"key":"bib4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"855","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2006.04.027","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Essential role of the apoptotic cell engulfment genes draper and ced-6 in programmed axon pruning during Drosophila metamorphosis","volume":"50","author":"Awasaki","year":"2006","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"bib5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cellsig.2024.111224","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Experience-dependent MAPK\/ERK signaling in glia regulates critical period remodeling of synaptic glomeruli","volume":"120","author":"Baumann","year":"2024","journal-title":"Cellular Signalling"},{"key":"bib6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conb.2024.102877","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Microglia phagocytic mechanisms: development informing disease","volume":"86","author":"Beiter","year":"2024","journal-title":"Current Opinion in Neurobiology"},{"key":"bib7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5549","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.2192-19.2020","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Glomerulus-selective regulation of a critical period for interneuron plasticity in the Drosophila Antennal lobe","volume":"40","author":"Chodankar","year":"2020","journal-title":"The Journal of Neuroscience"},{"key":"bib8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"394","DOI":"10.1038\/nature12776","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Astrocytes mediate synapse elimination through MEGF10 and MERTK pathways","volume":"504","author":"Chung","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"bib9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2023","DOI":"10.1101\/gad.305888.117","type":"journal-article","article-title":"The secreted neurotrophin Sp\u00e4tzle 3 promotes glial morphogenesis and supports neuronal survival and function","volume":"31","author":"Coutinho-Budd","year":"2017","journal-title":"Genes & Development"},{"key":"bib10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1535","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cub.2005.07.034","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Molecular, anatomical, and functional organization of the Drosophila olfactory system","volume":"15","author":"Couto","year":"2005","journal-title":"Current Biology"},{"key":"bib11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"E646","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1106411108","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Plasticity of local GABAergic interneurons drives olfactory habituation","volume":"108","author":"Das","year":"2011","journal-title":"PNAS"},{"key":"bib12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6274","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.21-16-06274.2001","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Odor exposure causes central adaptation and morphological changes in selected olfactory glomeruli in Drosophila","volume":"21","author":"Devaud","year":"2001","journal-title":"The Journal of Neuroscience"},{"key":"bib13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1002\/neu.10215","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Structural and functional changes in the olfactory pathway of adult Drosophila take place at a critical age","volume":"56","author":"Devaud","year":"2003","journal-title":"Journal of Neurobiology"},{"key":"bib14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1002\/neu.10216","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Blocking sensory inputs to identified antennal glomeruli selectively modifies odorant perception in Drosophila","volume":"56","author":"Devaud","year":"2003","journal-title":"Journal of Neurobiology"},{"key":"bib15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4768","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.5951-08.2009","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Ensheathing glia function as phagocytes in the adult Drosophila brain","volume":"29","author":"Doherty","year":"2009","journal-title":"The Journal of Neuroscience"},{"key":"bib16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fnagi.2017.00208","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Microglial activation in traumatic brain injury","volume":"9","author":"Donat","year":"2017","journal-title":"Frontiers in Aging Neuroscience"},{"key":"bib17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1548","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cub.2005.07.066","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Genetic and functional subdivision of the Drosophila antennal lobe","volume":"15","author":"Fishilevich","year":"2005","journal-title":"Current Biology"},{"key":"bib18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"567","DOI":"10.1016\/S0896-6273(03)00289-7","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Unwrapping glial biology","volume":"38","author":"Freeman","year":"2003","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"bib19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1101\/cshperspect.a020552","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Drosophila central nervous system glia","volume":"7","author":"Freeman","year":"2015","journal-title":"Cold Spring Harbor Perspectives in Biology"},{"key":"bib20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pbio.1000184","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Glia and muscle sculpt neuromuscular arbors by engulfing destabilized synaptic boutons and shed presynaptic debris","volume":"7","author":"Fuentes-Medel","year":"2009","journal-title":"PLOS Biology"},{"key":"bib21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2995","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.2223-18.2019","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Activity-dependent remodeling of Drosophila olfactory sensory neuron brain innervation during an early-life critical period","volume":"39","author":"Golovin","year":"2019","journal-title":"The Journal of Neuroscience"},{"key":"bib22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1218","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.2167-20.2020","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Neuron-specific fmrp roles in experience-dependent remodeling of olfactory brain innervation during an early-life critical period","volume":"41","author":"Golovin","year":"2021","journal-title":"The Journal of Neuroscience"},{"key":"bib23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1016\/j.schres.2019.01.030","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Stress during critical periods of development and risk for schizophrenia","volume":"213","author":"Gomes","year":"2019","journal-title":"Schizophrenia Research"},{"key":"bib24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6239","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.0764-09.2009","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Signal propagation in Drosophila central neurons","volume":"29","author":"Gouwens","year":"2009","journal-title":"The Journal of Neuroscience"},{"key":"bib25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7554\/eLife.85443","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Chronic exposure to odors at naturally occurring concentrations triggers limited plasticity in early stages of Drosophila olfactory processing","volume":"12","author":"Gugel","year":"2023","journal-title":"eLife"},{"key":"bib26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0086178","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Astrocytes play a key role in Drosophila mushroom body axon pruning","volume":"9","author":"Hakim","year":"2014","journal-title":"PLOS ONE"},{"key":"bib27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2006.01.050","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Coding of odors by a receptor repertoire","volume":"125","author":"Hallem","year":"2006","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"bib28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"544","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2013.11.021","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Epidermal cells are the primary phagocytes in the fragmentation and clearance of degenerating dendrites in Drosophila","volume":"81","author":"Han","year":"2014","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"bib29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"877","DOI":"10.1038\/nrn1787","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Critical period plasticity in local cortical circuits","volume":"6","author":"Hensch","year":"2005","journal-title":"Nature Reviews. Neuroscience"},{"key":"bib30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pgen.1010257","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Divergent signaling requirements of dSARM in injury-induced degeneration and developmental glial phagocytosis","volume":"18","author":"Herrmann","year":"2022","journal-title":"PLOS Genetics"},{"key":"bib31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"473","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2020.11.012","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Injury-induced inhibition of bystander neurons requires dsarm and signaling from glia","volume":"109","author":"Hsu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"bib32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"419","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.1970.sp009022","type":"journal-article","article-title":"The period of susceptibility to the physiological effects of unilateral eye closure in kittens","volume":"206","author":"Hubel","year":"1970","journal-title":"The Journal of Physiology"},{"key":"bib33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7554\/eLife.65078","type":"journal-article","article-title":"The olfactory critical period is determined by activity-dependent Sema7A\/PlxnC1 signaling within glomeruli","volume":"10","author":"Inoue","year":"2021","journal-title":"eLife"},{"key":"bib34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"204","DOI":"10.1038\/35102574","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Target neuron prespecification in the olfactory map of Drosophila","volume":"414","author":"Jefferis","year":"2001","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"bib35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"227","DOI":"10.1177\/1073858418783959","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Microglia-astrocyte crosstalk: an intimate molecular conversation","volume":"25","author":"Jha","year":"2019","journal-title":"The Neuroscientist"},{"key":"bib36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2303392120","type":"journal-article","article-title":"The Drosophila chemokine-like orion bridges phosphatidylserine and draper in phagocytosis of neurons","volume":"120","author":"Ji","year":"2023","journal-title":"PNAS"},{"key":"bib37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fncel.2023.1166199","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Early Draper-mediated glial refinement of neuropil architecture and synapse number in the Drosophila antennal lobe","volume":"17","author":"Jindal","year":"2023","journal-title":"Frontiers in Cellular Neuroscience"},{"key":"bib38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"754","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-022-05423-4","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Odour motion sensing enhances navigation of complex plumes","volume":"611","author":"Kadakia","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"bib39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"465","DOI":"10.1038\/nature10877","type":"journal-article","article-title":"MEGF10 and MEGF11 mediate homotypic interactions required for mosaic spacing of retinal neurons","volume":"483","author":"Kay","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"bib40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"401","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2008.02.030","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Homeostatic matching and nonlinear amplification at identified central synapses","volume":"58","author":"Kazama","year":"2008","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"bib41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3791\/56174","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Dissection and immunofluorescent staining of mushroom body and photoreceptor neurons in adult Drosophila melanogaster brains","volume":"01","author":"Kelly","year":"2017","journal-title":"Journal of Visualized Experiments"},{"key":"bib42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"392","DOI":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2012.03.002","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Spatial representation of odorant valence in an insect brain","volume":"1","author":"Knaden","year":"2012","journal-title":"Cell Reports"},{"key":"bib43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conb.2005.12.002","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Development of wiring specificity in the olfactory system","volume":"16","author":"Komiyama","year":"2006","journal-title":"Current Opinion in Neurobiology"},{"key":"bib44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"110","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2008.06.010","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Translation of sensory input into behavioral output via an olfactory system","volume":"59","author":"Kreher","year":"2008","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"bib45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"606","DOI":"10.1002\/glia.23115","type":"journal-article","article-title":"The glia of the adult Drosophila nervous system","volume":"65","author":"Kremer","year":"2017","journal-title":"Glia"},{"key":"bib46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2011\/921680","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Autism: a \u201ccritical period\u201d disorder?","volume":"2011","author":"LeBlanc","year":"2011","journal-title":"Neural Plasticity"},{"key":"bib47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"612","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-020-03060-3","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Astrocytes phagocytose adult hippocampal synapses for circuit homeostasis","volume":"590","author":"Lee","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"bib48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1101\/2022.09.23.509193","type":"preprint","article-title":"Astrocytic synapse elimination controls ocular dominance plasticity","volume-title":"bioRxiv","author":"Lee","year":"2022"},{"key":"bib49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"309","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-neuro-061010-113813","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Critical-period plasticity in the visual cortex","volume":"35","author":"Levelt","year":"2012","journal-title":"Annual Review of Neuroscience"},{"key":"bib50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"722","DOI":"10.1038\/nn.3066","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Negative regulation of glial engulfment activity by Draper terminates glial responses to axon injury","volume":"15","author":"Logan","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nature Neuroscience"},{"key":"bib51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"869","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2006.04.028","type":"journal-article","article-title":"The Drosophila cell corpse engulfment receptor Draper mediates glial clearance of severed axons","volume":"50","author":"MacDonald","year":"2006","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"bib52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/biology13020094","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Olfactory critical periods: how odor exposure shapes the developing brain in mice and flies","volume":"13","author":"Mallick","year":"2024","journal-title":"Biology"},{"key":"bib53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2023.112117","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Actin-dependent astrocytic infiltration is a key step for axon defasciculation during remodeling","volume":"42","author":"Marmor-Kollet","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cell Reports"},{"key":"bib54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"506","DOI":"10.1016\/j.devcel.2018.12.019","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Dying neurons utilize innate immune signaling to prime glia for phagocytosis during development","volume":"48","author":"McLaughlin","year":"2019","journal-title":"Developmental Cell"},{"key":"bib55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1093","DOI":"10.1038\/nature09127","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Activation of autophagy during cell death requires the engulfment receptor Draper","volume":"465","author":"McPhee","year":"2010","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"bib56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/genes13050919","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Annotation and analysis of 3902 odorant receptor protein sequences from 21 insect species provide insights into the evolution of odorant receptor gene families in solitary and social insects","volume":"13","author":"Mier","year":"2022","journal-title":"Genes"},{"key":"bib57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"711","DOI":"10.1126\/science.286.5440.711","type":"journal-article","article-title":"The olfactory bulb: coding and processing of odor molecule information","volume":"286","author":"Mori","year":"1999","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"bib58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/srep21841","type":"journal-article","article-title":"DoOR 2.0--comprehensive mapping of Drosophila melanogaster odorant responses","volume":"6","author":"M\u00fcnch","year":"2016","journal-title":"Scientific Reports"},{"key":"bib59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1340","DOI":"10.1038\/nn.3791","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Activity-dependent regulation of astrocyte GAT levels during synaptogenesis","volume":"17","author":"Muthukumar","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nature Neuroscience"},{"key":"bib60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7554\/eLife.05338","type":"journal-article","article-title":"A library of MiMICs allows tagging of genes and reversible, spatial and temporal knockdown of proteins in Drosophila","volume":"4","author":"Nagarkar-Jaiswal","year":"2015","journal-title":"eLife"},{"key":"bib61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"R146","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cub.2023.01.018","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Olfaction: the smell stops here","volume":"33","author":"Nagel","year":"2023","journal-title":"Current Biology"},{"key":"bib62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-024-59942-3","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Experience-dependent glial pruning of synaptic glomeruli during the critical period","volume":"14","author":"Nelson","year":"2024","journal-title":"Scientific Reports"},{"key":"bib63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2022.845236","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Age-related unstructured spike patterns and molecular localization in Drosophila circadian neurons","volume":"13","author":"Nguyen","year":"2022","journal-title":"Frontiers in Physiology"},{"key":"bib64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"956","DOI":"10.1038\/nature06864","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Lateral presynaptic inhibition mediates gain control in an olfactory circuit","volume":"452","author":"Olsen","year":"2008","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"bib65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1456","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1202529","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Synaptic pruning by microglia is necessary for normal brain development","volume":"333","author":"Paolicelli","year":"2011","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"bib66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.crmeth.2023.100477","type":"journal-article","article-title":"A conditional strategy for cell-type-specific labeling of endogenous excitatory synapses in Drosophila","volume":"3","author":"Parisi","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cell Reports Methods"},{"key":"bib67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2911","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.1136-17.2017","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Microglia-mediated synapse loss in alzheimer\u2019s disease","volume":"38","author":"Rajendran","year":"2018","journal-title":"The Journal of Neuroscience"},{"key":"bib68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"23242","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1820836117","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Critical period regulation across multiple timescales","volume":"117","author":"Reh","year":"2020","journal-title":"PNAS"},{"key":"bib69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1126\/science.abf5273","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Astrocytes close the mouse critical period for visual plasticity","volume":"373","author":"Ribot","year":"2021","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"bib70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"838","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2007.10.035","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Activity-dependent plasticity in an olfactory circuit","volume":"56","author":"Sachse","year":"2007","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"bib71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"691","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2012.03.026","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Microglia sculpt postnatal neural circuits in an activity and complement-dependent manner","volume":"74","author":"Schafer","year":"2012","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"bib72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10541","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.2679-16.2017","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Experience-dependent synaptic plasticity in V1 occurs without microglial CX3CR1","volume":"37","author":"Schecter","year":"2017","journal-title":"The Journal of Neuroscience"},{"key":"bib73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7554\/eLife.66018","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Information flow, cell types and stereotypy in a full olfactory connectome","volume":"10","author":"Schlegel","year":"2021","journal-title":"eLife"},{"key":"bib74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"218","DOI":"10.1038\/nature07983","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Select Drosophila glomeruli mediate innate olfactory attraction and aversion","volume":"459","author":"Semmelhack","year":"2009","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"bib75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"950","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2018.12.030","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Structured odorant response patterns across a complete olfactory receptor neuron population","volume":"101","author":"Si","year":"2019","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"bib76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fncel.2023.1247335","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Glial regulation of critical period plasticity","volume":"17","author":"Starkey","year":"2023","journal-title":"Frontiers in Cellular Neuroscience"},{"key":"bib77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1164","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2007.10.036","type":"journal-article","article-title":"The classical complement cascade mediates CNS synapse elimination","volume":"131","author":"Stevens","year":"2007","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"bib78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7225","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.1099-12.2012","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Plasticity of recurrent inhibition in the Drosophila antennal lobe","volume":"32","author":"Sudhakaran","year":"2012","journal-title":"The Journal of Neuroscience"},{"key":"bib79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3729","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yexcr.2007.06.015","type":"journal-article","article-title":"MEGF10 is a mammalian ortholog of CED-1 that interacts with clathrin assembly protein complex 2 medium chain and induces large vacuole formation","volume":"313","author":"Suzuki","year":"2007","journal-title":"Experimental Cell Research"},{"key":"bib80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1213","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2018.09.016","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Clock-generated temporal codes determine synaptic plasticity to control sleep","volume":"175","author":"Tabuchi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"bib81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.ade7209","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Depolarization block in olfactory sensory neurons expands the dimensionality of odor encoding","volume":"8","author":"Tadres","year":"2022","journal-title":"Science Advances"},{"key":"bib82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2556","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2023.04.038","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Generating parallel representations of position and identity in the olfactory system","volume":"186","author":"Taisz","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"bib83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.1101\/gad.229518.113","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Astrocytes engage unique molecular programs to engulf pruned neuronal debris from distinct subsets of neurons","volume":"28","author":"Tasdemir-Yilmaz","year":"2014","journal-title":"Genes & Development"},{"key":"bib84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"833","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2006.02.008","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Bruchpilot, a protein with homology to ELKS\/CAST, is required for structural integrity and function of synaptic active zones in Drosophila","volume":"49","author":"Wagh","year":"2006","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"bib85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-023-40142-y","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Glial Draper signaling triggers cross-neuron plasticity in bystander neurons after neuronal cell death in Drosophila","volume":"14","author":"Wang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nature Communications"},{"key":"bib86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"769","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.1011-19.2019","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Ocular dominance plasticity in binocular primary visual cortex does not require C1q","volume":"40","author":"Welsh","year":"2020","journal-title":"The Journal of Neuroscience"},{"key":"bib87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1003","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.1963.26.6.1003","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Single-cell responses in striate cortex of kittens deprived of vision in one eye","volume":"26","author":"Wiesel","year":"1963","journal-title":"Journal of Neurophysiology"},{"key":"bib88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9069","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.2070-05.2005","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Role of GABAergic inhibition in shaping odor-evoked spatiotemporal patterns in the Drosophila antennal lobe","volume":"25","author":"Wilson","year":"2005","journal-title":"The Journal of Neuroscience"},{"key":"bib89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1534","DOI":"10.1038\/nn.2446","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Glial precursors clear sensory neuron corpses during development via Jedi-1, an engulfment receptor","volume":"12","author":"Wu","year":"2009","journal-title":"Nature Neuroscience"},{"key":"bib90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"605","DOI":"10.1016\/j.it.2015.08.008","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Microglia: dynamic mediators of synapse development and plasticity","volume":"36","author":"Wu","year":"2015","journal-title":"Trends in Immunology"},{"key":"bib91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7505","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1706533114","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Fibroblast growth factor signaling instructs ensheathing glia wrapping of Drosophila olfactory glomeruli","volume":"114","author":"Wu","year":"2017","journal-title":"PNAS"},{"key":"bib92","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1016\/s0092-8674(01)00190-8","type":"journal-article","article-title":"CED-1 is a transmembrane receptor that mediates cell corpse engulfment in C. elegans","volume":"104","author":"Zhou","year":"2001","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"bib93","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"979","DOI":"10.1038\/nn.3135","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Distinct molecular pathways mediate glial activation and engulfment of axonal debris after axotomy","volume":"15","author":"Ziegenfuss","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nature Neuroscience"}],"container-title":["eLife"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/cdn.elifesciences.org\/articles\/100989\/elife-100989-v1.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/cdn.elifesciences.org\/articles\/100989\/elife-100989-v1.xml","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/elifesciences.org\/articles\/100989","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,24]],"date-time":"2026-08-24T09:54:07Z","timestamp":1787565247000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/elifesciences.org\/articles\/100989"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,30]]},"references-count":93,"alternative-id":["10.7554\/eLife.100989"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7554\/elife.100989","archive":["CLOCKSS"],"relation":{"has-preprint":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.1101\/2024.07.05.602232","asserted-by":"subject"}],"is-same-as":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.7554\/eLife.100989.3","asserted-by":"subject"}],"is-version-of":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.7554\/eLife.100989.1","asserted-by":"subject"},{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.7554\/eLife.100989.2","asserted-by":"subject"}]},"ISSN":["2050-084X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2050-084X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,30]]},"assertion":[{"value":"single anonymised","name":"peer_review_transparency","label":"Peer review transparency","group":{"name":"peer_review_taxonomy"}},{"value":"other reviewer(s), editor","name":"peer_review_interaction","label":"Peer review interaction","group":{"name":"peer_review_taxonomy"}},{"value":"review summaries, review reports, author\/editor communication, reviewer identities reviewer opt in, editor identities","name":"peer_review_published","label":"Peer review published","group":{"name":"peer_review_taxonomy"}},{"value":"open (sign in with ORCID iD required)","name":"post_publication_commenting","label":"Post publication commenting","group":{"name":"post_publication_commenting"}}],"article-number":"RP100989"}}