{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T16:29:45Z","timestamp":1790872185151,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":39,"publisher":"eLife Sciences Publications, Ltd","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,23]],"date-time":"2025-07-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1753228800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,23]],"date-time":"2025-07-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1753228800000},"content-version":"am","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,23]],"date-time":"2025-07-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1753228800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100009863","name":"Neuroendocrine Tumor Research Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100009863","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["elifesciences.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"abstract":"<jats:p>Neuroendocrine tumors (NETs) occur primarily in the small intestine, lung, and pancreas. Due to their rarity compared to other malignancies in these organs, their complex biology remains poorly understood, including their oncogenesis, tumor composition, and the intriguing phenomena of mixed neuroendocrine non-neuroendocrine neoplasms (MiNEN). Here, we profiled ten low-grade small intestine NET (SiNET) samples as well as one mixed lung tumor by single-cell or single-nuclei RNA-seq. We find that SiNETs are largely separated into two distinct subtypes, in which the neuroendocrine cells upregulate epithelial or neuronal markers, respectively. Surprisingly, in both subtypes, the neuroendocrine cells are largely non-proliferative while higher proliferation is observed in multiple non-malignant cell types. Specifically, B and plasma cells are highly proliferative in the epithelial-like SiNET subtype, potentially reflecting the outcome of high Migration Inhibitory Factor (MIF) expression in those tumors, which may constitute a relevant target. Finally, our analysis of a mixed lung neuroendocrine tumor identifies a population of putative progenitor cells that may give rise to both neuroendocrine and non-neuroendocrine (squamous) cells, potentially explaining the origin of the mixed histology. Taken together, our results provide important insights and hypotheses regarding the biology of neuroendocrine neoplasms.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.7554\/elife.101153","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,21]],"date-time":"2024-10-21T11:25:07Z","timestamp":1729509907000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7554\/elife.101153","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Subtypes and proliferation patterns of small intestine neuroendocrine tumors revealed by single-cell RNA sequencing"],"prefix":"10.7554","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3665-3105","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Einav","family":"Somech","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/0316ej306","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Weizmann Institute of Science","place":["Rehovot, Israel"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"},{"role":"formal-analysis","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"methodology","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"software","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"writing-original-draft","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"writing-review-editing","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0004-0780-7832","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Debdatta","family":"Halder","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/0316ej306","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Weizmann Institute of Science","place":["Rehovot, Israel"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"},{"role":"conceptualization","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"data-curation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"investigation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"methodology","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"writing-original-draft","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"writing-review-editing","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6551-9338","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Avishay","family":"Spitzer","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/0316ej306","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Weizmann Institute of Science","place":["Rehovot, Israel"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"},{"role":"conceptualization","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"formal-analysis","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"investigation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"methodology","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"software","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"writing-original-draft","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"writing-review-editing","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"given":"Chaya","family":"Barbolin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/0316ej306","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Weizmann Institute of Science","place":["Rehovot, Israel"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"},{"role":"formal-analysis","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"methodology","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"given":"Michael","family":"Tyler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/0316ej306","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Weizmann Institute of Science","place":["Rehovot, Israel"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"},{"role":"formal-analysis","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"methodology","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8137-667X","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Reut","family":"Halperin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/020rzx487","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"ENTIRE \u2013 Endocrine Neoplasia Translational Research Center, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Chaim Sheba Medical Center, and Gray Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, Tel Aviv University","place":["Ramat Gan, Israel"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"},{"role":"writing-original-draft","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"writing-review-editing","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"given":"Moshe","family":"Biton","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/0316ej306","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Department of Immunology and Regenerative Biology, Weizmann Institute of Science","place":["Rehovot, Israel"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"},{"role":"funding-acquisition","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"methodology","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3794-9634","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Amit","family":"Tirosh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/020rzx487","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"ENTIRE \u2013 Endocrine Neoplasia Translational Research Center, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Chaim Sheba Medical Center, and Gray Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, Tel Aviv University","place":["Ramat Gan, Israel"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"},{"role":"corresponding-author","vocabulary":"crossref"},{"role":"conceptualization","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"funding-acquisition","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"investigation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"project-administration","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"resources","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"supervision","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"writing-original-draft","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"writing-review-editing","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5477-2987","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Itay","family":"Tirosh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/0316ej306","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Weizmann Institute of Science","place":["Rehovot, Israel"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"},{"role":"corresponding-author","vocabulary":"crossref"},{"role":"conceptualization","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"formal-analysis","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"investigation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"methodology","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"project-administration","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"supervision","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"writing-original-draft","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"writing-review-editing","vocabulary":"credit"}]}],"member":"4374","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"bib1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"979","DOI":"10.1038\/s41588-018-0138-4","type":"journal-article","article-title":"A precision oncology approach to the pharmacological targeting of mechanistic dependencies in neuroendocrine tumors","volume":"50","author":"Alvarez","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nature Genetics"},{"key":"bib2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"616","DOI":"10.1038\/modpathol.2016.48","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Expression profiling of small intestinal neuroendocrine tumors identifies subgroups with clinical relevance, prognostic markers and therapeutic targets","volume":"29","author":"Andersson","year":"2016","journal-title":"Modern Pathology"},{"key":"bib3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"453","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ccell.2018.08.006","type":"journal-article","article-title":"MEF2B Instructs germinal center development and acts as an oncogene in B cell lymphomagenesis","volume":"34","author":"Brescia","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cancer Cell"},{"key":"bib4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2114","DOI":"10.1002\/stem.143","type":"journal-article","article-title":"KLF4 and PBX1 directly regulate NANOG expression in human embryonic stem cells","volume":"27","author":"Chan","year":"2009","journal-title":"Stem Cells"},{"key":"bib5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"444","DOI":"10.1159\/000503721","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Neuroendocrine neoplasms of the small bowel and pancreas","volume":"110","author":"Clift","year":"2020","journal-title":"Neuroendocrinology"},{"key":"bib6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S1428","DOI":"10.1245\/s10434-014-4351-9","type":"journal-article","article-title":"somatic mutations and genetic heterogeneity at the CDKN1B locus in small intestinal neuroendocrine tumors","volume":"22 Suppl 3","author":"Crona","year":"2015","journal-title":"Annals of Surgical Oncology"},{"key":"bib7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1335","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaoncol.2017.0589","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Trends in the incidence, prevalence, and survival outcomes in patients with neuroendocrine tumors in the United States","volume":"3","author":"Dasari","year":"2017","journal-title":"JAMA Oncology"},{"key":"bib8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"R315","DOI":"10.1530\/ERC-17-0012","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Genetic and epigenetic drivers of neuroendocrine tumours (NET)","volume":"24","author":"Di Domenico","year":"2017","journal-title":"Endocrine-Related Cancer"},{"key":"bib9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-021-26581-5","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Independent somatic evolution underlies clustered neuroendocrine tumors in the human small intestine","volume":"12","author":"Elias","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nature Communications"},{"key":"bib10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1102","DOI":"10.1158\/2159-8290.CD-19-0094","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Cross-species single-cell analysis of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma reveals antigen-presenting cancer-associated fibroblasts","volume":"9","author":"Elyada","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cancer Discovery"},{"key":"bib11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1483","DOI":"10.1038\/ng.2821","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Somatic mutation of CDKN1B in small intestine neuroendocrine tumors","volume":"45","author":"Francis","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nature Genetics"},{"key":"bib12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm9010273","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Mixed neuroendocrine non-neuroendocrine neoplasms: a systematic review of a controversial and underestimated diagnosis","volume":"9","author":"Frizziero","year":"2020","journal-title":"Journal of Clinical Medicine"},{"key":"bib13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"303","DOI":"10.1007\/s11605-017-3586-8","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Multifocality in small bowel neuroendocrine tumors","volume":"22","author":"Gangi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Journal of Gastrointestinal Surgery"},{"key":"bib14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"598","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-023-06130-4","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Hallmarks of transcriptional intratumour heterogeneity across a thousand tumours","volume":"618","author":"Gavish","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"bib15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2784","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M703265200","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Macrophage migration inhibitory factor induces B cell survival by activation of a CD74-CD44 receptor complex","volume":"283","author":"Gore","year":"2008","journal-title":"The Journal of Biological Chemistry"},{"key":"bib16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"333","DOI":"10.1038\/nature24489","type":"journal-article","article-title":"A single-cell survey of the small intestinal epithelium","volume":"551","author":"Haber","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"bib17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.add9668","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Intertumoral lineage diversity and immunosuppressive transcriptional programs in well-differentiated gastroenteropancreatic neuroendocrine tumors","volume":"9","author":"Hoffman","year":"2023","journal-title":"Science Advances"},{"key":"bib18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"367","DOI":"10.1530\/ERC-17-0445","type":"journal-article","article-title":"The neuroendocrine phenotype, genomic profile and therapeutic sensitivity of GEPNET cell lines","volume":"25","author":"Hofving","year":"2018","journal-title":"Endocrine-Related Cancer"},{"key":"bib19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12885-021-07786-9","type":"journal-article","article-title":"SMAD4 haploinsufficiency in small intestinal neuroendocrine tumors","volume":"21","author":"Hofving","year":"2021","journal-title":"BMC Cancer"},{"key":"bib20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.1097\/MOH.0b013e328347888a","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Roles for MSI2 and PROX1 in hematopoietic stem cell activity","volume":"18","author":"Hope","year":"2011","journal-title":"Current Opinion in Hematology"},{"key":"bib21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"786","DOI":"10.1159\/000511849","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Unifocal versus multiple ileal neuroendocrine tumors location: an embryological origin","volume":"111","author":"Kalifi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Neuroendocrinology"},{"key":"bib22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1208","DOI":"10.1038\/s41588-020-00726-6","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Pan-cancer single-cell RNA-seq identifies recurring programs of cellular heterogeneity","volume":"52","author":"Kinker","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nature Genetics"},{"key":"bib23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1860","DOI":"10.1101\/gr.192237.115","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Single-cell RNA-seq reveals changes in cell cycle and differentiation programs upon aging of hematopoietic stem cells","volume":"25","author":"Kowalczyk","year":"2015","journal-title":"Genome Research"},{"key":"bib24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4374","DOI":"10.7150\/thno.72966","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Recent advances in understanding the role of HES6 in cancers","volume":"12","author":"Krossa","year":"2022","journal-title":"Theranostics"},{"key":"bib25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"793","DOI":"10.1038\/s43018-022-00411-z","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Cancer-associated fibroblasts in the single-cell era","volume":"3","author":"Lavie","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nature Cancer"},{"key":"bib26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"753","DOI":"10.1002\/stem.1032","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Transcription factor TCF4 maintains the properties of human corneal epithelial stem cells","volume":"30","author":"Lu","year":"2012","journal-title":"Stem Cells"},{"key":"bib27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-022-34395-2","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Pan-cancer single-cell analysis reveals the heterogeneity and plasticity of cancer-associated fibroblasts in the tumor microenvironment","volume":"13","author":"Luo","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nature Communications"},{"key":"bib28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1836","DOI":"10.1111\/bcp.14289","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Phase I study of imalumab (BAX69), a fully human recombinant antioxidized macrophage migration inhibitory factor antibody in advanced solid tumours","volume":"86","author":"Mahalingam","year":"2020","journal-title":"British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology"},{"key":"bib29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13073-022-01083-1","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Whole genome sequencing reveals the independent clonal origin of multifocal ileal neuroendocrine tumors","volume":"14","author":"M\u00e4kinen","year":"2022","journal-title":"Genome Medicine"},{"key":"bib30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2607","DOI":"10.1016\/j.stemcr.2021.09.016","type":"journal-article","article-title":"PBX1-directed stem cell transcriptional program drives tumor progression in myeloproliferative neoplasm","volume":"16","author":"Muggeo","year":"2021","journal-title":"Stem Cell Reports"},{"key":"bib31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"909","DOI":"10.1677\/ERC-10-0152","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Gastroenteropancreatic neuroendocrine tumours: the current incidence and staging based on the WHO and European Neuroendocrine Tumour Society classification: an analysis based on prospectively collected parameters","volume":"17","author":"Niederle","year":"2010","journal-title":"Endocrine-Related Cancer"},{"key":"bib32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2020.609948","type":"journal-article","article-title":"MIF-dependent control of tumor immunity","volume":"11","author":"Noe","year":"2020","journal-title":"Frontiers in Immunology"},{"key":"bib33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"440","DOI":"10.1002\/med.21385","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Targeting MIF in Cancer: therapeutic strategies, current developments, and future opportunities","volume":"36","author":"O\u2019Reilly","year":"2016","journal-title":"Medicinal Research Reviews"},{"key":"bib34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"640","DOI":"10.1038\/s41588-023-01357-3","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Cellular states are coupled to genomic and viral heterogeneity in HPV-related oropharyngeal carcinoma","volume":"55","author":"Puram","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nature Genetics"},{"key":"bib35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ando.2019.04.010","type":"journal-article","article-title":"The landscape of molecular alterations in pancreatic and small intestinal neuroendocrine tumours","volume":"80","author":"Scarpa","year":"2019","journal-title":"Annales d\u2019endocrinologie"},{"key":"bib36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"921","DOI":"10.1007\/s00709-020-01480-6","type":"journal-article","article-title":"TCF4 promotes colorectal cancer drug resistance and stemness via regulating ZEB1\/ZEB2 expression","volume":"257","author":"Sun","year":"2020","journal-title":"Protoplasma"},{"key":"bib37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"309","DOI":"10.1038\/nature20123","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Single-cell RNA-seq supports a developmental hierarchy in human oligodendroglioma","volume":"539","author":"Tirosh","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"bib38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"759","DOI":"10.1530\/ERC-15-0299","type":"journal-article","article-title":"4-IPP, a selective MIF inhibitor, causes mitotic catastrophe in thyroid carcinomas","volume":"22","author":"Varinelli","year":"2015","journal-title":"Endocrine-Related Cancer"},{"key":"dataset1","type":"dataset","article-title":"ScRNA-seq of Small Intestine Neuroendocrine Tumors","volume-title":"NCBI Gene Expression Omnibus","author":"Tirosh","year":"2025","unstructured":"Tirosh I, Somech E, Hadler D, Spitzer A, Brabolin C, Tyler M, Halperin R, Moshe B, Tirosh A. 2025. ScRNA-seq of Small Intestine Neuroendocrine Tumors. NCBI Gene Expression Omnibus. https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/geo\/query\/acc.cgi?acc=GSE292163. GSE292163."}],"container-title":["eLife"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/cdn.elifesciences.org\/articles\/101153\/elife-101153-v1.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/cdn.elifesciences.org\/articles\/101153\/elife-101153-v1.xml","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/elifesciences.org\/articles\/101153","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,24]],"date-time":"2026-08-24T09:32:08Z","timestamp":1787563928000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/elifesciences.org\/articles\/101153"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,23]]},"references-count":39,"alternative-id":["10.7554\/eLife.101153"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7554\/elife.101153","archive":["CLOCKSS"],"relation":{"has-preprint":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.1101\/2024.07.29.605642","asserted-by":"subject"}],"is-same-as":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.7554\/eLife.101153.3","asserted-by":"subject"}],"is-version-of":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.7554\/eLife.101153.1","asserted-by":"subject"},{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.7554\/eLife.101153.2","asserted-by":"subject"}],"is-supplemented-by":[{"id-type":"accession","id":"GSE292163","asserted-by":"subject"}]},"ISSN":["2050-084X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2050-084X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,23]]},"assertion":[{"value":"single anonymised","name":"peer_review_transparency","label":"Peer review transparency","group":{"name":"peer_review_taxonomy"}},{"value":"other reviewer(s), editor","name":"peer_review_interaction","label":"Peer review interaction","group":{"name":"peer_review_taxonomy"}},{"value":"review summaries, review reports, author\/editor communication, reviewer identities reviewer opt in, editor identities","name":"peer_review_published","label":"Peer review published","group":{"name":"peer_review_taxonomy"}},{"value":"open (sign in with ORCID iD required)","name":"post_publication_commenting","label":"Post publication commenting","group":{"name":"post_publication_commenting"}}],"article-number":"RP101153"}}