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Gut commensals, such as\n                    <jats:italic>Lactobacillus<\/jats:italic>\n                    species, have been proven to exhibit broad antibacterial activities and protect hosts against pathogenic infections. Here,\n                    <jats:italic>Lacticaseibacillus rhamnosus<\/jats:italic>\n                    strain P118, screened from 290 isolates recovered from fermented yogurts and healthy piglet intestines using traditional and\n                    <jats:italic>Caenorhabditis elegans<\/jats:italic>\n                    -infection screening strategies, exerts great probiotic properties. Notably, P118 and its supernatant exhibited great antibacterial activities and attenuated\n                    <jats:italic>C. elegans<\/jats:italic>\n                    susceptibility to\n                    <jats:italic>Salmonella<\/jats:italic>\n                    infection. We found that P118 protected mice against\n                    <jats:italic>Salmonella<\/jats:italic>\n                    lethal infections by enhancing colonization resistance, reducing pathogen invasion, alleviating intestinal pro-inflammatory response, and improving microbial dysbiosis and fecal metabolite changes. Microbiota and fecal metabolome analyses suggested P118 administration significantly decreased the relative abundances of potentially harmful microbes (e.g.,\n                    <jats:italic>Salmonella<\/jats:italic>\n                    ,\n                    <jats:italic>Anaeroplasma<\/jats:italic>\n                    ,\n                    <jats:italic>Klebsiella<\/jats:italic>\n                    ) and increased the fecal levels of tryptophan and its derivatives (indole, indole-3-acrylic acid, 5-hydroxytryptophan, 5-methoxyindoleacetate). Deterministic processes determined the gut microbial community assembly of P118-pretreated mice. Integrated omics further demonstrated that P118 probiotic activities in enhancing host tolerance to\n                    <jats:italic>Salmonella<\/jats:italic>\n                    infection were mediated by microbe-derived tryptophan\/indole metabolites (e.g., indole-3-acrylic acid, indole, tryptophan, 5-methoxyindoleacetic acid, and 5-hydroxytryptophan). Collective results demonstrate that\n                    <jats:italic>L. rhamnosus<\/jats:italic>\n                    P118 could enhance host tolerance to\n                    <jats:italic>Salmonella<\/jats:italic>\n                    infections via various pathways, including direct antibacterial actions, inhibiting\n                    <jats:italic>Salmonella<\/jats:italic>\n                    colonization and invasion, attenuating pro-inflammatory responses of intestinal macrophages, and modulating gut microbiota mediated by microbe-derived indole metabolites.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.7554\/elife.101198","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,20]],"date-time":"2024-11-20T06:25:28Z","timestamp":1732083928000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7554\/elife.101198","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Lacticaseibacillus rhamnosus P118 enhances host tolerance to Salmonella infection by promoting microbe-derived indole metabolites"],"prefix":"10.7554","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5283-7337","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Baikui","family":"Wang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/05qbk4x57","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Key Laboratory of Systems Health Science of Zhejiang Province, School of Life Science, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences","place":["Hangzhou, 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