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A simple mechanism was thus part of the human infant\u2019s toolbox for discovering regularities in language. Since this seminal study, observations on statistical learning capabilities have multiplied across domains and species, challenging the hypothesis of a dedicated mechanism for language acquisition. Here, we leverage the two dimensions conveyed by speech \u2013speaker identity and phonemes\u2013 to examine (1) whether neonates can compute TPs on one dimension despite irrelevant variation on the other and (2) whether the linguistic dimension enjoys an advantage over the voice dimension. In two experiments, we exposed neonates to artificial speech streams constructed by concatenating syllables while recording EEG. The sequence had a statistical structure based either on the phonetic content, while the voices varied randomly (Experiment 1) or on voices with random phonetic content (Experiment 2). After familiarisation, neonates heard isolated duplets adhering, or not, to the structure they were familiarised with. In both experiments, we observed neural entrainment at the frequency of the regularity and distinct Event-Related Potentials (ERP) to correct and incorrect duplets, highlighting the universality of statistical learning mechanisms and suggesting it operates on virtually any dimension the input is factorised. However, only linguistic duplets elicited a specific ERP component, potentially an N400 precursor, suggesting a lexical stage triggered by phonetic regularities already at birth. These results show that, from birth, multiple input regularities can be processed in parallel and feed different higher-order networks.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.7554\/elife.101802","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,29]],"date-time":"2024-10-29T12:25:07Z","timestamp":1730204707000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7554\/elife.101802","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Statistical learning beyond words in human neonates"],"prefix":"10.7554","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3260-0559","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Ana","family":"Fl\u00f3","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/03xjwb503","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Cognitive Neuroimaging Unit, CNRS ERL 9003, INSERM U992, CEA, Universit\u00e9 Paris Saclay, NeuroSpin center","place":["Gif-sur-Yvette, 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