{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,5]],"date-time":"2026-10-05T14:43:47Z","timestamp":1791211427643,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":70,"publisher":"eLife Sciences Publications, Ltd","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,9]],"date-time":"2025-06-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1749427200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,9]],"date-time":"2025-06-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1749427200000},"content-version":"am","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,9]],"date-time":"2025-06-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1749427200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100019460","name":"Weill Cornell Medicine-Qatar","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["Biomedical Research Program and the Biostatistics, Epidemiology, and Biomathematics Research Core"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Biomedical Research Program and the Biostatistics, Epidemiology, and Biomathematics Research Core"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100019460","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100019460","name":"Weill Cornell Medicine-Qatar","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["Junior Faculty Transition to Independence Program"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Junior Faculty Transition to Independence Program"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100019460","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004690","name":"Ministry of Public Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004690","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100019475","name":"Sidra Medicine","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100019475","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100007833","name":"Hamad Medical Corporation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100007833","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Qatar Genome Programme"},{"name":"Qatar University Biomedical Research Center"},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100005137","name":"L'Or\u00e9al","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["For Women In Science Middle East Regional Young Talents Program"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["For Women In Science Middle East Regional Young Talents Program"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100005137","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100005243","name":"United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["For Women In Science Middle East Regional Young Talents Program"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["For Women In Science Middle East Regional Young Talents Program"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100005243","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004252","name":"Qatar University","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004252","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["elifesciences.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"accepted":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,14]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec id=\"abs1\">\n                    <jats:title>Background:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This study investigated the presence of the healthy vaccinee effect\u2014the imbalance in health status between vaccinated and unvaccinated individuals\u2014in two rigorously conducted COVID-19 vaccine effectiveness studies involving primary series and booster vaccinations. It also examined the temporal patterns and variability of this effect across different subpopulations by analyzing the association between COVID-19 vaccination and non-COVID-19 mortality in Qatar.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"abs2\">\n                    <jats:title>Methods:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Two matched, retrospective cohort studies assessed the incidence of non-COVID-19 death in national cohorts of individuals with a primary series vaccination versus no vaccination (two-dose analysis), and individuals with three-dose (booster) vaccination versus primary series vaccination (three-dose analysis), from January 5, 2021, to April 9, 2024.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"abs3\">\n                    <jats:title>Results:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The adjusted hazard ratio (aHR) for non-COVID-19 death was 0.76 (95% CI: 0.64\u20130.90) in the two-dose analysis and 0.85 (95% CI: 0.67\u20131.07) in the three-dose analysis. In the first 6 months of follow-up in the two-dose analysis, the aHR was 0.35 (95% CI: 0.27\u20130.46); however, the combined analysis of all subsequent periods showed an aHR of 1.52 (95% CI: 1.19\u20131.94). In the first 6 months of follow-up in the three-dose analysis, the aHR was 0.31 (95% CI: 0.20\u20130.50); however, the combined analysis of all subsequent periods showed an aHR of 1.37 (95% CI: 1.02\u20131.85). The overall effectiveness of the primary series and third-dose vaccinations against severe, critical, or fatal COVID-19 was 95.9% (95% CI: 94.0\u201397.1) and 34.1% (95% CI: \u201346.4\u201376.7), respectively. Subgroup analyses showed that the healthy vaccinee effect is pronounced among those aged 50 years and older and among those more clinically vulnerable to severe COVID-19.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"abs4\">\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A pronounced healthy vaccinee effect was observed during the first 6 months following vaccination, despite meticulous cohort matching. This effect may have stemmed from a lower likelihood of vaccination among seriously ill, end-of-life individuals, and less mobile elderly populations.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"abs5\">\n                    <jats:title>Funding:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Biomedical Research Program and the Biostatistics, Epidemiology, and Biomathematics Research Core, and Junior Faculty Transition to Independence Program, all at Weill Cornell Medicine-Qatar, Qatar University, Ministry of Public Health, Hamad Medical Corporation, Sidra Medicine, Qatar Genome Programme, Qatar University Biomedical Research Center, and L\u2019Or\u00e9al-UNESCO For Women In Science Middle East Regional Young Talents Program.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.7554\/elife.103690","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,14]],"date-time":"2025-04-14T04:15:19Z","timestamp":1744604119000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7554\/elife.103690","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":27,"title":["Assessing healthy vaccinee effect in COVID-19 vaccine effectiveness studies: a national cohort study in Qatar"],"prefix":"10.7554","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8756-6968","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Hiam","family":"Chemaitelly","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/05v5hg569","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Infectious Disease Epidemiology Group, Weill Cornell Medicine-Qatar, Cornell University","place":["Doha, Qatar"]},{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/01cawbq05","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"World Health Organization Collaborating Centre for Disease Epidemiology Analytics on HIV\/AIDS, Sexually Transmitted Infections, and Viral Hepatitis, Weill Cornell Medicine-Qatar, Cornell University, Qatar Foundation \u2013 Education City","place":["Doha, Qatar"]},{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/02r109517","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Department of Population Health Sciences, Weill Cornell Medicine, Cornell University","place":["New York, United States"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"},{"role":"corresponding-author","vocabulary":"crossref"},{"role":"data-curation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"formal-analysis","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"investigation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"methodology","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"resources","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"validation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"writing-original-draft","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"writing-review-editing","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"given":"Houssein H","family":"Ayoub","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/00yhnba62","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Mathematics Program, Department of Mathematics and Statistics, College of Arts and Sciences, Qatar University","place":["Doha, Qatar"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"},{"role":"data-curation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"resources","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"writing-review-editing","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"given":"Peter","family":"Coyle","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/00yhnba62","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Department of Biomedical Science, College of Health Sciences, QU Health, Qatar University","place":["Doha, Qatar"]},{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/02zwb6n98","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Hamad Medical Corporation","place":["Doha, Qatar"]},{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/00hswnk62","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Wellcome-Wolfson Institute for Experimental Medicine, Queens University","place":["Belfast, United Kingdom"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"},{"role":"data-curation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"investigation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"resources","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"writing-review-editing","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"given":"Patrick","family":"Tang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology, Sidra Medicine","place":["Doha, Qatar"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"},{"role":"data-curation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"investigation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"resources","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"writing-review-editing","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"given":"Mohammad R","family":"Hasan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/02fa3aq29","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, McMaster University","place":["Hamilton, Canada"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"},{"role":"data-curation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"investigation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"resources","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"writing-review-editing","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"given":"Hadi M","family":"Yassine","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/00yhnba62","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Department of Biomedical Science, College of Health Sciences, QU Health, Qatar University","place":["Doha, Qatar"]},{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/00yhnba62","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Biomedical Research Center, QU Health, Qatar University","place":["Doha, Qatar"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"},{"role":"data-curation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"investigation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"resources","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"writing-review-editing","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"given":"Asmaa A","family":"Al Thani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/00yhnba62","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Department of Biomedical Science, College of Health Sciences, QU Health, Qatar University","place":["Doha, Qatar"]},{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/00yhnba62","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Biomedical Research Center, QU Health, Qatar University","place":["Doha, Qatar"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"},{"role":"data-curation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"investigation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"resources","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"writing-review-editing","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"given":"Zaina","family":"Al-Kanaani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/02zwb6n98","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Hamad Medical Corporation","place":["Doha, Qatar"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"},{"role":"data-curation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"resources","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"writing-review-editing","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"given":"Einas","family":"Al-Kuwari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/02zwb6n98","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Hamad Medical Corporation","place":["Doha, Qatar"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"},{"role":"data-curation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"resources","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"writing-review-editing","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"given":"Andrew","family":"Jeremijenko","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/02zwb6n98","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Hamad Medical Corporation","place":["Doha, Qatar"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"},{"role":"data-curation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"resources","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"writing-review-editing","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"given":"Anvar Hassan","family":"Kaleeckal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/02zwb6n98","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Hamad Medical Corporation","place":["Doha, Qatar"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"},{"role":"data-curation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"resources","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"writing-review-editing","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"given":"Ali Nizar","family":"Latif","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/02zwb6n98","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Hamad Medical Corporation","place":["Doha, Qatar"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"},{"role":"data-curation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"resources","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"writing-review-editing","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"given":"Riyazuddin Mohammad","family":"Shaik","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/02zwb6n98","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Hamad Medical Corporation","place":["Doha, Qatar"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"},{"role":"data-curation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"resources","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"writing-review-editing","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"given":"Hanan F","family":"Abdul-Rahim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/00yhnba62","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Department of Public Health, College of Health Sciences, QU Health, Qatar University","place":["Doha, Qatar"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"},{"role":"data-curation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"resources","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"writing-review-editing","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9252-1038","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Gheyath K","family":"Nasrallah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/00yhnba62","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Department of Biomedical Science, College of Health Sciences, QU Health, Qatar University","place":["Doha, Qatar"]},{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/00yhnba62","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Biomedical Research Center, QU Health, Qatar University","place":["Doha, Qatar"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"},{"role":"data-curation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"resources","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"writing-review-editing","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"given":"Mohamed Ghaith","family":"Al-Kuwari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Primary Health Care Corporation","place":["Doha, Qatar"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"},{"role":"data-curation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"resources","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"writing-review-editing","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"given":"Hamad Eid","family":"Al-Romaihi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/00g5s2979","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Ministry of Public Health","place":["Doha, Qatar"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"},{"role":"data-curation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"resources","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"writing-review-editing","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"given":"Mohamed H","family":"Al-Thani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/00g5s2979","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Ministry of Public Health","place":["Doha, Qatar"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"},{"role":"data-curation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"resources","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"writing-review-editing","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"given":"Abdullatif","family":"Al-Khal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/02zwb6n98","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Hamad Medical Corporation","place":["Doha, Qatar"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"},{"role":"data-curation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"resources","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"writing-review-editing","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"given":"Roberto","family":"Bertollini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Primary Health Care Corporation","place":["Doha, Qatar"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"},{"role":"data-curation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"resources","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"writing-review-editing","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"given":"Adeel A","family":"Butt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/02r109517","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Department of Population Health Sciences, Weill Cornell Medicine, Cornell University","place":["New York, United States"]},{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/02zwb6n98","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Hamad Medical Corporation","place":["Doha, Qatar"]},{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/02r109517","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, Cornell University","place":["New York, United States"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"},{"role":"data-curation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"resources","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"writing-review-editing","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0790-0506","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Laith J","family":"Abu-Raddad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/01cawbq05","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"World Health Organization Collaborating Centre for Disease Epidemiology Analytics on HIV\/AIDS, Sexually Transmitted Infections, and Viral Hepatitis, Weill Cornell Medicine-Qatar, Cornell University, Qatar Foundation \u2013 Education City","place":["Doha, Qatar"]},{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/02r109517","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Department of Population Health Sciences, Weill Cornell Medicine, Cornell University","place":["New York, United States"]},{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/00yhnba62","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Department of Public Health, College of Health Sciences, QU Health, Qatar University","place":["Doha, Qatar"]},{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/03eyq4y97","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"College of Health and Life Sciences, Hamad bin Khalifa University","place":["Doha, Qatar"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"},{"role":"corresponding-author","vocabulary":"crossref"},{"role":"conceptualization","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"data-curation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"funding-acquisition","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"investigation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"methodology","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"project-administration","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"resources","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"validation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"writing-original-draft","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"writing-review-editing","vocabulary":"credit"}]}],"member":"4374","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"bib1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-85428-7","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Characterizing the Qatar advanced-phase SARS-CoV-2 epidemic","volume":"11","author":"Abu-Raddad","year":"2021","journal-title":"Scientific Reports"},{"key":"bib2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1930","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2021.19623","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Association of Prior SARS-CoV-2 Infection With Risk of Breakthrough Infection Following mRNA Vaccination in Qatar","volume":"326","author":"Abu-Raddad","year":"2021","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"bib3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2487","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMc2108120","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Severity of SARS-CoV-2 Reinfections as Compared with Primary Infections","volume":"385","author":"Abu-Raddad","year":"2021","journal-title":"The New England Journal of Medicine"},{"key":"bib4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jtm\/taab083","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Pfizer-BioNTech mRNA BNT162b2 Covid-19 vaccine protection against variants of concern after one versus two doses","volume":"28","author":"Abu-Raddad","year":"2021","journal-title":"Journal of Travel Medicine"},{"key":"bib5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1804","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2200797","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Effect of mRNA Vaccine Boosters against SARS-CoV-2 Omicron Infection in Qatar","volume":"386","author":"Abu-Raddad","year":"2022","journal-title":"The New England Journal of Medicine"},{"key":"bib6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"799","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMc2117933","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Effectiveness of mRNA-1273 and BNT162b2 Vaccines in Qatar","volume":"386","author":"Abu-Raddad","year":"2022","journal-title":"The New England Journal of Medicine"},{"key":"bib7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1091","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMc2119432","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Waning mRNA-1273 Vaccine Effectiveness against SARS-CoV-2 Infection in Qatar","volume":"386","author":"Abu-Raddad","year":"2022","journal-title":"The New England Journal of Medicine"},{"key":"bib8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1461","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-022-01840-0","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Long COVID after breakthrough SARS-CoV-2 infection","volume":"28","author":"Al-Aly","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nature Medicine"},{"key":"bib9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjgh-2023-012291","type":"journal-article","article-title":"All-cause and COVID-19 mortality in Qatar during the COVID-19 pandemic","volume":"8","author":"AlNuaimi","year":"2023","journal-title":"BMJ Global Health"},{"key":"bib10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1620","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMc2209306","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Protective effect of previous SARS-CoV-2 infection against omicron BA.4 and BA.5 subvariants","volume":"387","author":"Altarawneh","year":"2022","journal-title":"The New England Journal of Medicine"},{"key":"bib11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2203965","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Effects of Previous Infection and Vaccination on Symptomatic Omicron Infections","volume":"387","author":"Altarawneh","year":"2022","journal-title":"The New England Journal of Medicine"},{"key":"bib12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1288","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMc2200133","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Protection against the Omicron Variant from Previous SARS-CoV-2 Infection","volume":"386","author":"Altarawneh","year":"2022","journal-title":"The New England Journal of Medicine"},{"key":"bib13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ofid\/ofab221","type":"journal-article","article-title":"SARS-CoV-2 infection is at herd immunity in the majority segment of the population of Qatar","volume":"8","author":"Al Thani","year":"2021","journal-title":"Open Forum Infectious Diseases"},{"key":"bib14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1228","DOI":"10.1080\/03610910902859574","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Using the standardized difference to compare the prevalence of a binary variable between two groups in observational research","volume":"38","author":"Austin","year":"2009","journal-title":"Communications in Statistics - Simulation and Computation"},{"key":"bib15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"403","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2035389","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Efficacy and safety of the mRNA-1273 SARS-CoV-2 Vaccine","volume":"384","author":"Baden","year":"2021","journal-title":"The New England Journal of Medicine"},{"key":"bib16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2093","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(21)02249-2","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Effectiveness of a third dose of the BNT162b2 mRNA COVID-19 vaccine for preventing severe outcomes in Israel: an observational study","volume":"398","author":"Barda","year":"2021","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"bib17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"431","DOI":"10.1016\/j.it.2013.04.004","type":"journal-article","article-title":"A small jab - A big effect: nonspecific immunomodulation by vaccines","volume":"34","author":"Benn","year":"2013","journal-title":"Trends in Immunology"},{"key":"bib18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2021.768883","type":"journal-article","article-title":"One Year of SARS-CoV-2: Genomic Characterization of COVID-19 Outbreak in Qatar","volume":"11","author":"Benslimane","year":"2021","journal-title":"Frontiers in Cellular and Infection Microbiology"},{"key":"bib19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"867","DOI":"10.17269\/s41997-021-00554-z","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Using observational epidemiology to evaluate COVID-19 vaccines: integrating traditional methods with new data sources and tools","volume":"112","author":"Chambers","year":"2021","journal-title":"Canadian Journal of Public Health = Revue Canadienne de Sante Publique"},{"key":"bib20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2585","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMc2110300","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Efficacy of Natural Immunity against SARS-CoV-2 Reinfection with the Beta Variant","volume":"385","author":"Chemaitelly","year":"2021","journal-title":"The New England Journal of Medicine"},{"key":"bib21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2114114","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Waning of BNT162b2 vaccine protection against SARS-CoV-2 infection in Qatar","volume":"385","author":"Chemaitelly","year":"2021","journal-title":"The New England Journal of Medicine"},{"key":"bib22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1614","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-021-01446-y","type":"journal-article","article-title":"mRNA-1273 COVID-19 vaccine effectiveness against the B.1.1.7 and B.1.351 variants and severe COVID-19 disease in Qatar","volume":"27","author":"Chemaitelly","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nature Medicine"},{"key":"bib23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1865","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2210058","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Covid-19 vaccine protection among children and adolescents in Qatar","volume":"387","author":"Chemaitelly","year":"2022","journal-title":"The New England Journal of Medicine"},{"key":"bib24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e944","DOI":"10.1016\/S2666-5247(22)00287-7","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Protection from previous natural infection compared with mRNA vaccination against SARS-CoV-2 infection and severe COVID-19 in Qatar: a retrospective cohort study","volume":"3","author":"Chemaitelly","year":"2022","journal-title":"The Lancet. Microbe"},{"key":"bib25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jtm\/taac109","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Duration of immune protection of SARS-CoV-2 natural infection against reinfection","volume":"29","author":"Chemaitelly","year":"2022","journal-title":"Journal of Travel Medicine"},{"key":"bib26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jtm\/taad106","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Bivalent mRNA-1273.214 vaccine effectiveness against SARS-CoV-2 omicron XBB* infections","volume":"30","author":"Chemaitelly","year":"2023","journal-title":"Journal of Travel Medicine"},{"key":"bib27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjph-2023-000479","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Turning point in COVID-19 severity and fatality during the pandemic: a national cohort study in Qatar","volume":"1","author":"Chemaitelly","year":"2023","journal-title":"BMJ Public Health"},{"key":"bib28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.adh0761","type":"journal-article","article-title":"History of primary-series and booster vaccination and protection against Omicron reinfection","volume":"9","author":"Chemaitelly","year":"2023","journal-title":"Science Advances"},{"key":"bib29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"816","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(23)00058-0","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Long-term COVID-19 booster effectiveness by infection history and clinical vulnerability and immune imprinting: a retrospective population-based cohort study","volume":"23","author":"Chemaitelly","year":"2023","journal-title":"The Lancet Infectious Diseases"},{"key":"bib30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2023.09.005","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Short- and longer-term all-cause mortality among SARS-CoV-2- infected individuals and the pull-forward phenomenon in Qatar: a national cohort study","volume":"136","author":"Chemaitelly","year":"2023","journal-title":"International Journal of Infectious Diseases"},{"key":"bib31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fmed.2024.1363045","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Addressing bias in the definition of SARS-CoV-2 reinfection: implications for underestimation","volume":"11","author":"Chemaitelly","year":"2024","journal-title":"Frontiers in Medicine"},{"key":"bib32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.isci.2021.102646","type":"journal-article","article-title":"SARS-CoV-2 seroprevalence in the urban population of Qatar: An analysis of antibody testing on a sample of 112,941 individuals","volume":"24","author":"Coyle","year":"2021","journal-title":"iScience"},{"key":"bib33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1080\/14760584.2023.2290194","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Real world evidence for public health decision-making on vaccination policies: perspectives from an expert roundtable","volume":"23","author":"de Waure","year":"2024","journal-title":"Expert Review of Vaccines"},{"key":"bib34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eti.2022.102775","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Application of human RNase P normalization for the realistic estimation of SARS-CoV-2 viral load in wastewater: A perspective from Qatar wastewater surveillance","volume":"27","author":"El-Malah","year":"2022","journal-title":"Environmental Technology & Innovation"},{"key":"bib35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"924","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(22)00152-0","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Duration of effectiveness of vaccines against SARS-CoV-2 infection and COVID-19 disease: results of a systematic review and meta-regression","volume":"399","author":"Feikin","year":"2022","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"bib36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2024.02.019","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Does the healthy vaccinee bias rule them all? Association of COVID-19 vaccination status and all-cause mortality from an analysis of data from 2.2 million individual health records","volume":"142","author":"F\u00fcrst","year":"2024","journal-title":"International Journal of Infectious Diseases"},{"key":"bib37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"52","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2021.09.006","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Real-time SARS-CoV-2 genotyping by high-throughput multiplex PCR reveals the epidemiology of the variants of concern in Qatar","volume":"112","author":"Hasan","year":"2021","journal-title":"International Journal of Infectious Diseases"},{"key":"bib38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"284","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMc2306683","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Potential \u201cHealthy Vaccinee Bias\u201d in a Study of BNT162b2 Vaccine against Covid-19","volume":"389","author":"H\u00f8eg","year":"2023","journal-title":"The New England Journal of Medicine"},{"key":"bib39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.n1137","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Excess deaths associated with covid-19 pandemic in 2020: age and sex disaggregated time series analysis in 29 high income countries","volume":"373","author":"Islam","year":"2021","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"bib40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"337","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/dyi274","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Evidence of bias in estimates of influenza vaccine effectiveness in seniors","volume":"35","author":"Jackson","year":"2006","journal-title":"International Journal of Epidemiology"},{"key":"bib41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"345","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/dyi275","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Functional status is a confounder of the association of influenza vaccine and risk of all cause mortality in seniors","volume":"35","author":"Jackson","year":"2006","journal-title":"International Journal of Epidemiology"},{"key":"bib42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1353","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cjca.2021.05.009","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Challenges and lessons learned from COVID-19 trials: should we be doing clinical trials differently?","volume":"37","author":"Janiaud","year":"2021","journal-title":"The Canadian Journal of Cardiology"},{"key":"bib43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1343","DOI":"10.3201\/eid2705.204365","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Herd immunity against severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 infection in 10 communities, Qatar","volume":"27","author":"Jeremijenko","year":"2021","journal-title":"Emerging Infectious Diseases"},{"key":"bib44","type":"web-resource","article-title":"Mortality analyses","author":"Johns Hopkins Coronavirus Resource","year":"2022","unstructured":"Johns Hopkins Coronavirus Resource. 2022. Mortality analyses. https:\/\/coronavirus.jhu.edu\/data\/mortality [Accessed October 2, 2022]."},{"key":"bib45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"457","DOI":"10.1080\/01621459.1958.10501452","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Nonparametric estimation from incomplete observations","volume":"53","author":"Kaplan","year":"1958","journal-title":"Journal of the American Statistical Association"},{"key":"bib46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"327","DOI":"10.1177\/01632787211047932","type":"journal-article","article-title":"A systematic review of the protective effect of prior SARS-CoV-2 infection on repeat infection","volume":"44","author":"Kojima","year":"2021","journal-title":"Evaluation & the Health Professions"},{"key":"bib47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1919","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-020-1112-0","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Magnitude, demographics and dynamics of the effect of the first wave of the COVID-19 pandemic on all-cause mortality in 21 industrialized countries","volume":"26","author":"Kontis","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nature Medicine"},{"key":"bib48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/irv.13224","type":"journal-article","article-title":"SARS-CoV-2 infection and effects of age, sex, comorbidity, and vaccination among older individuals: A national cohort study","volume":"17","author":"Mahmoud","year":"2023","journal-title":"Influenza and Other Respiratory Viruses"},{"key":"bib49","type":"web-resource","article-title":"Qatar viral genome sequencing data. Data on randomly collected samples","author":"National project of surveillance for variants of concern and viral genome sequencing","year":"2021","unstructured":"National project of surveillance for variants of concern and viral genome sequencing. 2021. Qatar viral genome sequencing data. Data on randomly collected samples. https:\/\/www.gisaid.org\/phylodynamics\/global\/nextstrain\/ [Accessed July 20, 2024]."},{"key":"bib50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"687","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclinepi.2008.06.014","type":"journal-article","article-title":"New strategies are needed to improve the accuracy of influenza vaccine effectiveness estimates among seniors","volume":"62","author":"Nelson","year":"2009","journal-title":"Journal of Clinical Epidemiology"},{"key":"bib51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"375","DOI":"10.1038\/s41577-020-0285-6","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Defining trained immunity and its role in health and disease","volume":"20","author":"Netea","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nature Reviews. Immunology"},{"key":"bib52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2908","DOI":"10.3201\/eid2711.211557","type":"journal-article","article-title":"COVID-19 vaccination coverage, intent, knowledge, attitudes, and beliefs among essential workers, United States","volume":"27","author":"Nguyen","year":"2021","journal-title":"Emerging Infectious Diseases"},{"key":"bib53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envres.2022.112911","type":"journal-article","article-title":"SARS-CoV-2 reinfections: overview of efficacy and duration of natural and hybrid immunity","volume":"209","author":"Pilz","year":"2022","journal-title":"Environmental Research"},{"key":"bib54","type":"web-resource","article-title":"Qatar monthly statistics","author":"Planning and Statistics Authority-State of Qatar","year":"2020","unstructured":"Planning and Statistics Authority-State of Qatar. 2020. Qatar monthly statistics. https:\/\/www.psa.gov.qa\/en\/pages\/default.aspx [Accessed May 26, 2020]."},{"key":"bib55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2603","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2034577","type":"journal-article","article-title":"safety and efficacy of the BNT162b2 mRNA Covid-19 Vaccine","volume":"383","author":"Polack","year":"2020","journal-title":"The New England Journal of Medicine"},{"key":"bib56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jtm\/taac068","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Effects of BA.1\/BA.2 subvariant, vaccination and prior infection on infectiousness of SARS-CoV-2 omicron infections","volume":"29","author":"Qassim","year":"2022","journal-title":"Journal of Travel Medicine"},{"key":"bib57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12879-015-1154-y","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Frequency and impact of confounding by indication and healthy vaccinee bias in observational studies assessing influenza vaccine effectiveness: a systematic review","volume":"15","author":"Remschmidt","year":"2015","journal-title":"BMC Infectious Diseases"},{"key":"bib58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2021.145608","type":"journal-article","article-title":"COVID-19 (SARS-CoV-2) outbreak monitoring using wastewater-based epidemiology in Qatar","volume":"774","author":"Saththasivam","year":"2021","journal-title":"The Science of the Total Environment"},{"key":"bib59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"265","DOI":"10.1001\/archinte.165.3.265","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Impact of influenza vaccination on seasonal mortality in the US elderly population","volume":"165","author":"Simonsen","year":"2005","journal-title":"Archives of Internal Medicine"},{"key":"bib60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"658","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(07)70236-0","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Mortality benefits of influenza vaccination in elderly people: an ongoing controversy","volume":"7","author":"Simonsen","year":"2007","journal-title":"The Lancet Infectious Diseases"},{"key":"bib61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4696","DOI":"10.1002\/sim.5879","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Ignoring the matching variables in cohort studies - when is it valid and why?","volume":"32","author":"Sj\u00f6lander","year":"2013","journal-title":"Statistics in Medicine"},{"key":"bib62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1401","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2020.1267","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Why test for proportional hazards?","volume":"323","author":"Stensrud","year":"2020","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"bib63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.i4919","type":"journal-article","article-title":"ROBINS-I: a tool for assessing risk of bias in non-randomised studies of interventions","volume":"355","author":"Sterne","year":"2016","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"bib64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2136","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-021-01583-4","type":"journal-article","article-title":"BNT162b2 and mRNA-1273 COVID-19 vaccine effectiveness against the SARS-CoV-2 Delta variant in Qatar","volume":"27","author":"Tang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nature Medicine"},{"key":"bib65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"250","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jiph.2022.12.016","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Effectiveness of influenza vaccination against SARS-CoV-2 infection among healthcare workers in Qatar","volume":"16","author":"Tayar","year":"2023","journal-title":"Journal of Infection and Public Health"},{"key":"bib66","type":"preprint","article-title":"Effectiveness of mRNA-1273 against Infection and COVID-19 Hospitalization with SARS-CoV-2 Omicron Subvariants: BA.1, BA.2, BA.2.12.1, BA.4, and BA.5","volume-title":"medRxiv","author":"Tseng","year":"2022","unstructured":"Tseng HF, Ackerson BK, Bruxvoort KJ, Sy LS, Tubert JE, Lee GS, Ku JH, Florea A, Luo Y, Qiu S, Choi SK, Takhar HS, Aragones M, Paila YD, Chavers S, Talarico CA, Qian L. 2022. Effectiveness of mRNA-1273 against Infection and COVID-19 Hospitalization with SARS-CoV-2 Omicron Subvariants: BA.1, BA.2, BA.2.12.1, BA.4, and BA.5. medRxiv. https:\/\/www.medrxiv.org\/content\/10.1101\/2022.09.30.22280573v1."},{"key":"bib67","type":"software","article-title":"Multiplexed RT-qpcr to screen for SARS-COV-2 B.1.1.7, B.1.351, and P.1 variants of concern V3","volume-title":"Protocols.Io","author":"Vogels","year":"2021","unstructured":"Vogels C, Fauver J, Grubaugh N. 2021. Multiplexed RT-qpcr to screen for SARS-COV-2 B.1.1.7, B.1.351, and P.1 variants of concern V3. Protocols.Io. V3. https:\/\/www.protocols.io\/view\/multiplexed-rt-qpcr-to-screen-for-sars-cov-2-b-1-1-ewov14dnkvr2\/v3."},{"key":"bib68","type":"web-resource","article-title":"International guidelines for certification and classification (Coding) of COVID-19 as cause of death","author":"World Health Organization","year":"2023","unstructured":"World Health Organization. 2023a. International guidelines for certification and classification (Coding) of COVID-19 as cause of death. https:\/\/www.who.int\/publications\/m\/item\/international-guidelines-for-certification-and-classification-(coding)-of-covid-19-as-cause-of-death [Accessed February 27, 2023]."},{"key":"bib69","type":"web-resource","article-title":"Living guidance for clinical management of COVID-19","author":"World Health Organization","year":"2023","unstructured":"World Health Organization. 2023b. Living guidance for clinical management of COVID-19. https:\/\/www.who.int\/publications\/i\/item\/WHO-2019-nCoV-clinical-2021-2 [Accessed February 27, 2023]."},{"key":"bib70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"844","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2022.12.036","type":"journal-article","article-title":"A safety study evaluating non-COVID-19 mortality risk following COVID-19 vaccination","volume":"41","author":"Xu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Vaccine"}],"container-title":["eLife"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/cdn.elifesciences.org\/articles\/103690\/elife-103690-v1.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/cdn.elifesciences.org\/articles\/103690\/elife-103690-v1.xml","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/elifesciences.org\/articles\/103690","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,24]],"date-time":"2026-08-24T09:32:45Z","timestamp":1787563965000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/elifesciences.org\/articles\/103690"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,9]]},"references-count":70,"alternative-id":["10.7554\/eLife.103690"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7554\/elife.103690","archive":["CLOCKSS"],"relation":{"has-preprint":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.1101\/2024.07.28.24311115","asserted-by":"subject"},{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.1101\/2024.07.28.24311115","asserted-by":"object"}],"has-review":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.7554\/eLife.103690.sa2","asserted-by":"object"},{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.7554\/eLife.103690.sa0","asserted-by":"object"},{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.7554\/eLife.103690.sa1","asserted-by":"object"}]},"ISSN":["2050-084X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2050-084X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,9]]},"assertion":[{"value":"single anonymised","name":"peer_review_transparency","label":"Peer review transparency","group":{"name":"peer_review_taxonomy"}},{"value":"other reviewer(s), editor","name":"peer_review_interaction","label":"Peer review interaction","group":{"name":"peer_review_taxonomy"}},{"value":"review summaries, review reports, author\/editor communication, reviewer identities reviewer opt in, editor identities","name":"peer_review_published","label":"Peer review published","group":{"name":"peer_review_taxonomy"}},{"value":"open (sign in with ORCID iD required)","name":"post_publication_commenting","label":"Post publication commenting","group":{"name":"post_publication_commenting"}}],"article-number":"e103690"}}