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The speed of recovery of life has been debated, whether fast or slow, and terrestrial ecosystems are much less understood than marine. Here, we show fast reestablishment of riparian ecosystems in low-latitude North China as little as ~2 million years after the end-Permian mass extinction. The initial ichnoassemblages in shallow lacustrine and fluvial facies of late Smithian age are monospecific, devoid of infaunalization, with apparent size reduction. In the following Spathian, relatively complex, multi-level, structured riverain ecosystems had been rebuilt including medium-sized carnivores, plant stems, root traces, increased ichnological complexity, and significantly increased infaunalization. Specifically, burrowing behavior had re-emerged as a key life strategy not only to minimize stressful climatic conditions, but possibly to escape predation.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.7554\/elife.104205","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,14]],"date-time":"2025-02-14T07:25:12Z","timestamp":1739517912000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7554\/elife.104205","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Rapid riparian ecosystem recovery in low-latitudinal North China following the end-Permian mass extinction"],"prefix":"10.7554","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9933-3264","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Wenwei","family":"Guo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/02vj1vm13","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"College of Culture and Tourism, Zhangzhou Institute of Technology","place":["Zhangzhou, 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