{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]],"date-time":"2026-09-30T22:24:26Z","timestamp":1790807066737,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":83,"publisher":"eLife Sciences Publications, Ltd","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,4]],"date-time":"2025-09-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1756944000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,4]],"date-time":"2025-09-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1756944000000},"content-version":"am","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,4]],"date-time":"2025-09-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1756944000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["32225050"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["32225050"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["U24A20461"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["U24A20461"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["32303053"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["32303053"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["elifesciences.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"abstract":"<jats:p>IgM emerged in jawed vertebrates 500 Mya and remains the most evolutionarily conserved antibody class. However, despite extensive studies on IgM as an ancient antiviral weapon in warm-blooded vertebrates, its role and mechanisms in combating viral infections in early vertebrates remain poorly understood. Here, significant virus-specific sIgM titers are generated in the serum and gut mucus of a teleost fish (largemouth bass) that survive infection, and fish lacking sIgM were more susceptible to viral infection. These results challenge the paradigm that IgM and IgT are specialized to systemic and mucosal immunity, respectively. More crucially, the neutralization assay provides further insight into the role of sIgM in viral neutralization and clarifies the mechanism through which teleost sIgM blocks viral infection by directly targeting viral particles. From an evolutionary perspective, sIgM in both primitive and modern vertebrates follows conserved principles in the development of specialized antiviral immunity.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.7554\/elife.104465","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,17]],"date-time":"2025-02-17T10:25:16Z","timestamp":1739787916000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7554\/elife.104465","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Newly discovered and conserved role of IgM against viral infection in an early vertebrate"],"prefix":"10.7554","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Weiguang","family":"Kong","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/00b4mx203","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"State Key Laboratory of Breeding Biotechnology and Sustainable Aquaculture, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences","place":["Wuhan, China"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"},{"role":"data-curation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"formal-analysis","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"investigation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"writing-original-draft","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"given":"Xinyou","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/00b4mx203","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"State Key Laboratory of Breeding Biotechnology and Sustainable Aquaculture, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences","place":["Wuhan, China"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"},{"role":"formal-analysis","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"investigation","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"given":"Guangyi","family":"Ding","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/00b4mx203","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"State Key Laboratory of Breeding Biotechnology and Sustainable Aquaculture, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences","place":["Wuhan, China"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"},{"role":"formal-analysis","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"investigation","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"given":"Peng","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/00b4mx203","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"State Key Laboratory of Breeding Biotechnology and Sustainable Aquaculture, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences","place":["Wuhan, China"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"},{"role":"formal-analysis","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"investigation","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"given":"Yong","family":"Shi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/00b4mx203","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"State Key Laboratory of Breeding Biotechnology and Sustainable Aquaculture, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences","place":["Wuhan, China"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"},{"role":"formal-analysis","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"investigation","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"given":"Chang","family":"Cai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/00b4mx203","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"State Key Laboratory of Breeding Biotechnology and Sustainable Aquaculture, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences","place":["Wuhan, China"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"},{"role":"formal-analysis","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"investigation","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"given":"Xinyi","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/00b4mx203","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"State Key Laboratory of Breeding Biotechnology and Sustainable Aquaculture, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences","place":["Wuhan, China"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"},{"role":"formal-analysis","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"investigation","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"given":"Gaofeng","family":"Cheng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/00b4mx203","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"State Key Laboratory of Breeding Biotechnology and Sustainable Aquaculture, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences","place":["Wuhan, China"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"},{"role":"formal-analysis","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"investigation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"methodology","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0988-2770","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Fumio","family":"Takizawa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/02c3vg160","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Faculty of Marine Science and Technology, Fukui Prefectural University","place":["Obama, Japan"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"},{"role":"writing-review-editing","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6598-2058","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Zhen","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/00b4mx203","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"State Key Laboratory of Breeding Biotechnology and Sustainable Aquaculture, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences","place":["Wuhan, China"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"},{"role":"corresponding-author","vocabulary":"crossref"},{"role":"funding-acquisition","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"writing-review-editing","vocabulary":"credit"}]}],"member":"4374","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"bib1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"325","DOI":"10.1007\/s12026-020-09159-z","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Recent advances in therapeutic applications of neutralizing antibodies for virus infections: an overview","volume":"68","author":"Ali","year":"2020","journal-title":"Immunologic Research"},{"key":"bib2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"271","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.192.2.271","type":"journal-article","article-title":"B-1 and B-2 cell-derived immunoglobulin M antibodies are nonredundant components of the protective response to influenza virus infection","volume":"192","author":"Baumgarth","year":"2000","journal-title":"The Journal of Experimental Medicine"},{"key":"bib3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1562","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.126.4.1562","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Neutralization of vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV) by human complement requires a natural IgM antibody present in human serum","volume":"126","author":"Beebe","year":"1981","journal-title":"The Journal of Immunology"},{"key":"bib4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2488","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.169.5.2488","type":"journal-article","article-title":"The IgH locus of the channel catfish, Ictalurus punctatus, contains multiple constant region gene sequences: different genes encode heavy chains of membrane and secreted IgD","volume":"169","author":"Bengte\u0301n","year":"2002","journal-title":"The Journal of Immunology"},{"key":"bib5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1007\/s00251-020-01195-1","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Immunoglobulins in teleosts","volume":"73","author":"Bilal","year":"2021","journal-title":"Immunogenetics"},{"key":"bib6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1021","DOI":"10.1002\/JLB.3RI0519-161R","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Secreted IgM: New tricks for an old molecule","volume":"106","author":"Blandino","year":"2019","journal-title":"Journal of Leukocyte Biology"},{"key":"bib7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2381","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.188.12.2381","type":"journal-article","article-title":"A critical role of natural immunoglobulin M in immediate defense against systemic bacterial infection","volume":"188","author":"Boes","year":"1998","journal-title":"The Journal of Experimental Medicine"},{"key":"bib8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1141","DOI":"10.1016\/s0161-5890(01)00025-6","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Role of natural and immune IgM antibodies in immune responses","volume":"37","author":"Boes","year":"2000","journal-title":"Molecular Immunology"},{"key":"bib9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ncomms11826","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Long-lived antigen-induced IgM plasma cells demonstrate somatic mutations and contribute to long-term protection","volume":"7","author":"Bohannon","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nature Communications"},{"key":"bib10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1098\/rspb.2020.0489","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Extreme genomic volatility characterizes the evolution of the immunoglobulin heavy chain locus in cyprinodontiform fishes","volume":"287","author":"Bradshaw","year":"2020","journal-title":"Proceedings of the Royal Society B"},{"key":"bib11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"803","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dci.2003.12.001","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Use of staphylococcal protein A in the analysis of teleost immunoglobulin structural diversity","volume":"28","author":"Bromage","year":"2004","journal-title":"Developmental & Comparative Immunology"},{"key":"bib12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"706","DOI":"10.1038\/nri891","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Antibodies, viruses and vaccines","volume":"2","author":"Burton","year":"2002","journal-title":"Nature Reviews. Immunology"},{"key":"bib13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1003098","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Teleost fish mount complex clonal IgM and IgT responses in spleen upon systemic viral infection","volume":"9","author":"Castro","year":"2013","journal-title":"PLOS Pathogens"},{"key":"bib14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"371","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.2100149","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Cutting edge: neutralizing public antibody responses are an ancient form of defense conserved in fish and mammals","volume":"207","author":"Castro","year":"2021","journal-title":"Journal of Immunology"},{"key":"bib15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"427","DOI":"10.1038\/s41577-019-0261-1","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Rethinking mucosal antibody responses: IgM, IgG and IgD join IgA","volume":"20","author":"Chen","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nature Reviews. Immunology"},{"key":"bib16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"385","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fsi.2021.09.022","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Molecular cloning and expression analysis of CD79a and CD79b in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) after bacterial, parasitic, and viral infection","volume":"118","author":"Cheng","year":"2021","journal-title":"Fish & Shellfish Immunology"},{"key":"bib17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1089\/zeb.2012.0805","type":"journal-article","article-title":"In vitro neutralization of viral hemorrhagic septicemia virus by plasma from immunized zebrafish","volume":"10","author":"Chinchilla","year":"2013","journal-title":"Zebrafish"},{"key":"bib18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2024.1461678","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Immunisation of chickens with inactivated and\/or infectious H9N2 avian influenza virus leads to differential immune B-cell repertoire development","volume":"15","author":"Dascalu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Frontiers in Immunology"},{"key":"bib19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1853","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20031223","type":"journal-article","article-title":"A critical role for induced IgM in the protection against West Nile virus infection","volume":"198","author":"Diamond","year":"2003","journal-title":"The Journal of Experimental Medicine"},{"key":"bib20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1101\/2023.02.26.530119","type":"preprint","article-title":"Secretory IgM (sIgM) Is an Ancient Master Regulator of Microbiota Homeostasis and Metabolism","volume-title":"bioRxiv","author":"Ding","year":"2023"},{"key":"bib21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"936","DOI":"10.1002\/eji.200425760","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Shark immunity bites back: affinity maturation and memory response in the nurse shark, Ginglymostoma cirratum","volume":"35","author":"Dooley","year":"2005","journal-title":"European Journal of Immunology"},{"key":"bib22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"659","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-76768-0_18","type":"book-chapter","article-title":"Chondrichthyes: the immune system of cartilaginous fishes","volume-title":"Advances in Comparative Immunology","author":"Dooley","year":"2018"},{"key":"bib23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4082","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.1000631","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Identification of two IgD+ B cell populations in channel catfish, Ictalurus punctatus","volume":"185","author":"Edholm","year":"2010","journal-title":"Journal of Immunology"},{"key":"bib24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"688","DOI":"10.1038\/nri889","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Comparative analyses of immunoglobulin genes: surprises and portents","volume":"2","author":"Flajnik","year":"2002","journal-title":"Nature Reviews. Immunology"},{"key":"bib25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1038\/nrg2703","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Origin and evolution of the adaptive immune system: genetic events and selective pressures","volume":"11","author":"Flajnik","year":"2010","journal-title":"Nature Reviews. Genetics"},{"key":"bib26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1331","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.1800965","type":"journal-article","article-title":"A convergent immunological holy trinity of adaptive immunity in lampreys: discovery of the variable lymphocyte receptors","volume":"201","author":"Flajnik","year":"2018","journal-title":"Journal of Immunology"},{"key":"bib27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2021.108790","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Major role of IgM in the neutralizing activity of convalescent plasma against SARS-CoV-2","volume":"34","author":"Gasser","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cell Reports"},{"key":"bib28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2020.01943","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Immunoglobulin M: an ancient antiviral weapon - Rediscovered","volume":"11","author":"Gong","year":"2020","journal-title":"Frontiers in Immunology"},{"key":"bib29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12864-024-10571-0","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Systematic characterization of immunoglobulin loci and deep sequencing of the expressed repertoire in the Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua)","volume":"25","author":"Gy\u00f6rkei","year":"2024","journal-title":"BMC Genomics"},{"key":"bib30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/srep29433","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Post-exposure treatment with whole inactivated H5N1 avian influenza virus protects against lethal homologous virus infection in mice","volume":"6","author":"Hagan","year":"2016","journal-title":"Scientific Reports"},{"key":"bib31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"775","DOI":"10.1016\/0161-5890(85)90142-7","type":"journal-article","article-title":"J-chain-like component in 18-S immunoglobulin of the skate Raja kenojei, a cartilaginous fish","volume":"22","author":"Hagiwara","year":"1985","journal-title":"Molecular Immunology"},{"key":"bib32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5138","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.1600307","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Multiple IgH Isotypes Including IgD, Subclasses of IgM, and IgY are expressed in the common ancestors of modern birds","volume":"196","author":"Han","year":"2016","journal-title":"Journal of Immunology"},{"key":"bib33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.01968-20","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Rapid decline of neutralizing antibodies is associated with decay of IgM in adults recovered from mild COVID-19","volume":"2","author":"Harrington","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cell Reports Medicine"},{"key":"bib34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-387664-5.00004-2","type":"journal-article","article-title":"The evolution of adaptive immunity in vertebrates","volume":"109","author":"Hirano","year":"2011","journal-title":"Advances in Immunology"},{"key":"bib35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6016","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.170.12.6016","type":"journal-article","article-title":"J chain in the nurse shark: implications for function in a lower vertebrate","volume":"170","author":"Hohman","year":"2003","journal-title":"Journal of Immunology"},{"key":"bib36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2957","DOI":"10.1002\/eji.1830221130","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Cloning and sequence analysis of two isotypic IgM heavy chain genes from Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar L","volume":"22","author":"Hordvik","year":"1992","journal-title":"European Journal of Immunology"},{"key":"bib37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/v14081838","type":"journal-article","article-title":"IHNV infection induces strong mucosal immunity and changes of microbiota in trout intestine","volume":"14","author":"Huang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Viruses"},{"key":"bib38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/antib9040053","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Structure, function, and therapeutic use of IgM antibodies","volume":"9","author":"Keyt","year":"2020","journal-title":"Antibodies"},{"key":"bib39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"957","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiaa784","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Role of immunoglobulin m and a antibodies in the neutralization of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2","volume":"223","author":"Klingler","year":"2021","journal-title":"The Journal of Infectious Diseases"},{"key":"bib40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3054","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.1900863","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Pharyngeal immunity in early vertebrates provides functional and evolutionary insight into mucosal homeostasis","volume":"203","author":"Kong","year":"2019","journal-title":"Journal of Immunology"},{"key":"bib41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s40168-023-01716-6","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Ocular mucosal homeostasis of teleost fish provides insight into the coevolution between microbiome and mucosal immunity","volume":"12","author":"Kong","year":"2024","journal-title":"Microbiome"},{"key":"bib42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"718","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-021-03673-2","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Nasal delivery of an IgM offers broad protection from SARS-CoV-2 variants","volume":"595","author":"Ku","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"bib43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2148-11-165","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Immunoglobulin heavy chains in medaka (Oryzias latipes)","volume":"11","author":"Magad\u00e1n-Momp\u00f3","year":"2011","journal-title":"BMC Evolutionary Biology"},{"key":"bib44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/biology5040045","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Fish Immunoglobulins","volume":"5","author":"Mashoof","year":"2016","journal-title":"Biology"},{"key":"bib45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"320","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fsi.2017.01.034","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Immune gene profiles in Atlantic salmon (salmo salar L.) post-smolts infected with SAV3 by bath-challenge show a delayed response and lower levels of gene transcription compared to injected fish","volume":"62","author":"Moore","year":"2017","journal-title":"Fish & Shellfish Immunology"},{"key":"bib46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2022.1037517","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Response of immunoglobulin M in gut mucosal immunity of common carp (Cyprinus carpio) infected with Aeromonas hydrophila","volume":"13","author":"Mu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Frontiers in Immunology"},{"key":"bib47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"482","DOI":"10.2460\/ajvr.78.4.482","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Immunologic responses in corn snakes (Pantherophis guttatus) after experimentally induced infection with ferlaviruses","volume":"78","author":"Neul","year":"2017","journal-title":"American Journal of Veterinary Research"},{"key":"bib48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.26508\/lsa.202201567","type":"journal-article","article-title":"A cluster of broadly neutralizing IgG against BK polyomavirus in a repertoire dominated by IgM","volume":"6","author":"Nguyen","year":"2023","journal-title":"Life Science Alliance"},{"key":"bib49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"731","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1439-0450.1999.00292.x","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Antibody against Testudo herpesvirus is not common in chinese soft\u2010shelled turtles","volume":"46","author":"Nie","year":"1999","journal-title":"Journal of Veterinary Medicine, Series B"},{"key":"bib50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"399","DOI":"10.1038\/gene.2011.21","type":"journal-article","article-title":"IRF7: activation, regulation, modification and function","volume":"12","author":"Ning","year":"2011","journal-title":"Genes & Immunity"},{"key":"bib51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"579","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fsi.2018.08.059","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Atlantic salmon post-smolts adapted for a longer time to seawater develop an effective humoral and cellular immune response against Salmonid alphavirus","volume":"82","author":"Nu\u00f1ez-Ortiz","year":"2018","journal-title":"Fish & Shellfish Immunology"},{"key":"bib52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2156","DOI":"10.1126\/science.286.5447.2156","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Control of early viral and bacterial distribution and disease by natural antibodies","volume":"286","author":"Ochsenbein","year":"1999","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"bib53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"E2699","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1210706109","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Critical role of the IgM Fc receptor in IgM homeostasis, B-cell survival, and humoral immune responses","volume":"109","author":"Ouchida","year":"2012","journal-title":"PNAS"},{"key":"bib54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-animal-031412-103651","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Evolution of B cell immunity","volume":"1","author":"Parra","year":"2013","journal-title":"Annual Review of Animal Biosciences"},{"key":"bib55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3981","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.00402-10","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Immune defenses against Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis, a fungus linked to global amphibian declines, in the South African clawed frog, Xenopus laevis","volume":"78","author":"Ramsey","year":"2010","journal-title":"Infection and Immunity"},{"key":"bib56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"493","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.aje.a118408","type":"journal-article","article-title":"A simple method of estimating fifty per cent endpoints12","volume":"27","author":"Reed","year":"1938","journal-title":"American Journal of Epidemiology"},{"key":"bib57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"776","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molimm.2007.06.356","type":"journal-article","article-title":"A new isotype of immunoglobulin heavy chain in the urodele amphibian Pleurodeles waltl predominantly expressed in larvae","volume":"45","author":"Schaerlinger","year":"2008","journal-title":"Molecular Immunology"},{"key":"bib58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S41","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2009.09.046","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Structure and function of immunoglobulins","volume":"125","author":"Schroeder","year":"2010","journal-title":"The Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology"},{"key":"bib59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"210","DOI":"10.7150\/thno.28434","type":"journal-article","article-title":"An IgM antibody targeting the receptor binding site of influenza B blocks viral infection with great breadth and potency","volume":"9","author":"Shen","year":"2019","journal-title":"Theranostics"},{"key":"bib60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aquaculture.2023.739864","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Dietary sanguinarine ameliorates growth impairment and intestinal dysfunction in Ctenopharyngodon idellus fed a high cottonseed meal diet","volume":"576","author":"Shi","year":"2023","journal-title":"Aquaculture"},{"key":"bib61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4826","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2022.10.023","type":"journal-article","article-title":"A Zika virus-specific IgM elicited in pregnancy exhibits ultrapotent neutralization","volume":"185","author":"Singh","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"bib62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1481","DOI":"10.1128\/CVI.00374-14","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Influenza virus-specific neutralizing IgM antibodies persist for a lifetime","volume":"21","author":"Skountzou","year":"2014","journal-title":"Clinical and Vaccine Immunology"},{"key":"bib63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"257","DOI":"10.1016\/j.smim.2004.08.005","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Evolution of isotype switching","volume":"16","author":"Stavnezer","year":"2004","journal-title":"Seminars in Immunology"},{"key":"bib64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1201\/b16844-3","type":"book-chapter","article-title":"Immunoglobulin genes in tetrapods","volume-title":"Comparative Immunoglobulin Genetics","author":"Sun","year":"2014"},{"key":"bib65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"320","DOI":"10.1038\/ni.2549","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Fishing for mammalian paradigms in the teleost immune system","volume":"14","author":"Sunyer","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nature Immunology"},{"key":"bib66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"903","DOI":"10.1099\/0022-1317-66-4-903","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Mechanisms of neutralization of influenza virus by IgM","volume":"66 (Pt 4)","author":"Taylor","year":"1985","journal-title":"The Journal of General Virology"},{"key":"bib67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/S0065-2776(05)88001-0","type":"journal-article","article-title":"CD22: a multifunctional receptor that regulates B lymphocyte survival and signal transduction","volume":"88","author":"Tedder","year":"2005","journal-title":"Advances in Immunology"},{"key":"bib68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"910","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.123.2.910","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Membrane immunoglobulin is present on thymic and splenic lymphocytes of the trout Salmo gairdneri","volume":"123","author":"Warr","year":"1979","journal-title":"Journal of Immunology"},{"key":"bib69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4593","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.94.9.4593","type":"journal-article","article-title":"A novel chimeric Ig heavy chain from a teleost fish shares similarities to\u2009IgD","volume":"94","author":"Wilson","year":"1997","journal-title":"PNAS"},{"key":"bib70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2022.1016974","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Teleost fish IgM+ plasma-like cells possess IgM-secreting, phagocytic, and antigen-presenting capacities","volume":"13","author":"Wu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Frontiers in Immunology"},{"key":"bib71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13097","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1304319110","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Teleost skin, an ancient mucosal surface that elicits gut-like immune responses","volume":"110","author":"Xu","year":"2013","journal-title":"PNAS"},{"key":"bib72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ncomms10728","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Mucosal immunoglobulins at respiratory surfaces mark an ancient association that predates the emergence of tetrapods","volume":"7","author":"Xu","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nature Communications"},{"key":"bib73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fsi.2023.108753","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Transcriptome analysis reveals the host immune response upon LMBV infection in largemouth bass (Micropterus salmoides)","volume":"137","author":"Xu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Fish & Shellfish Immunology"},{"key":"bib74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1719","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fsi.2013.10.015","type":"journal-article","article-title":"The teleost humoral immune response","volume":"35","author":"Ye","year":"2013","journal-title":"Fish & Shellfish Immunology"},{"key":"bib75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1007251","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Mucosal immunoglobulins protect the olfactory organ of teleost fish against parasitic infection","volume":"14","author":"Yu","year":"2018","journal-title":"PLOS Pathogens"},{"key":"bib76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41421-022-00393-3","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Teleost swim bladder, an ancient air-filled organ that elicits mucosal immune responses","volume":"8","author":"Yu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cell Discovery"},{"key":"bib77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fsi.2023.109326","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Mucosal immune responses of gut IgM in common carp (Cyprinus carpio) following infection with spring viremia of carp virus (SVCV)","volume":"145","author":"Yu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Fish & Shellfish Immunology"},{"key":"bib78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"827","DOI":"10.1038\/ni.1913","type":"journal-article","article-title":"IgT, a primitive immunoglobulin class specialized in mucosal immunity","volume":"11","author":"Zhang","year":"2010","journal-title":"Nature Immunology"},{"key":"bib79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"26933","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1916028116","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Viral neutralization by antibody-imposed physical disruption","volume":"116","author":"Zheng","year":"2019","journal-title":"PNAS"},{"key":"bib80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"292","DOI":"10.1111\/imm.13629","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Dual blockages of a broad and potent neutralizing IgM antibody targeting GH loop of EV-As","volume":"169","author":"Zhu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Immunology"},{"key":"bib81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1376","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dci.2011.07.001","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Teleost fish interferons and their role in immunity","volume":"35","author":"Zou","year":"2011","journal-title":"Developmental & Comparative Immunology"},{"key":"dataset1","type":"dataset","article-title":"Transcriptome sequencing of largemouth bass (Perca fluviatilis)","volume-title":"NCBI BioProject","author":"Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences","year":"2025","unstructured":"Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences. 2025. Transcriptome sequencing of largemouth bass (Perca fluviatilis). NCBI BioProject. https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/bioproject\/PRJNA1254665\/. PRJNA1254665."},{"key":"dataset2","type":"dataset","article-title":"The specificity of the anti-bass IgM monoclonal antibody (mAb) was validated by mass spectrometry","volume-title":"iProX","author":"Kong","year":"2025","unstructured":"Kong W. 2025. The specificity of the anti-bass IgM monoclonal antibody (mAb) was validated by mass spectrometry. iProX. https:\/\/www.iprox.cn\/\/page\/project.html?id=IPX0011847000. IPX0011847000."}],"container-title":["eLife"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/cdn.elifesciences.org\/articles\/104465\/elife-104465-v1.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/cdn.elifesciences.org\/articles\/104465\/elife-104465-v1.xml","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/elifesciences.org\/articles\/104465","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,24]],"date-time":"2026-08-24T09:28:58Z","timestamp":1787563738000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/elifesciences.org\/articles\/104465"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,4]]},"references-count":83,"alternative-id":["10.7554\/eLife.104465"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7554\/elife.104465","archive":["CLOCKSS"],"relation":{"has-preprint":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.1101\/2024.11.11.622905","asserted-by":"subject"}],"is-same-as":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.7554\/eLife.104465.3","asserted-by":"subject"}],"is-version-of":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.7554\/eLife.104465.1","asserted-by":"subject"},{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.7554\/eLife.104465.2","asserted-by":"subject"}],"is-supplemented-by":[{"id-type":"accession","id":"PRJNA1254665","asserted-by":"subject"},{"id-type":"accession","id":"IPX0011847000","asserted-by":"subject"}]},"ISSN":["2050-084X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2050-084X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,4]]},"assertion":[{"value":"single anonymised","name":"peer_review_transparency","label":"Peer review transparency","group":{"name":"peer_review_taxonomy"}},{"value":"other reviewer(s), editor","name":"peer_review_interaction","label":"Peer review interaction","group":{"name":"peer_review_taxonomy"}},{"value":"review summaries, review reports, author\/editor communication, reviewer identities reviewer opt in, editor identities","name":"peer_review_published","label":"Peer review published","group":{"name":"peer_review_taxonomy"}},{"value":"open (sign in with ORCID iD required)","name":"post_publication_commenting","label":"Post publication commenting","group":{"name":"post_publication_commenting"}}],"article-number":"RP104465"}}