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As the oldest extant phylum with mineralized structures, sponges are key to understanding animal biomineralization. Yet, the biomineralization process in sponges, particularly in forming spicules, is not well understood. To address this, we conducted transcriptomic, genomic, and proteomic analyses on the calcareous sponge\n                    <jats:italic>Sycon ciliatum<\/jats:italic>\n                    , supplemented by\n                    <jats:italic>in situ<\/jats:italic>\n                    hybridization. We identified 829 genes overexpressed in regions of increased calcite spicule formation, including 17 calcarins\u2014proteins analogous to corals\u2019 galaxins localized in the spicule matrix and expressed in sclerocytes. Their expression varied temporally and spatially, specific to certain spicule types, indicating that fine-tuned gene regulation is crucial for biomineralization control. Similar subtle expression changes are also relevant in stony coral biomineralization. Tandem gene arrangements and expression changes suggest that gene duplication and neofunctionalization have significantly shaped\n                    <jats:italic>S. ciliatum<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2019s biomineralization, similar to that in corals. These findings suggest a parallel evolution of carbonate biomineralization in the calcitic\n                    <jats:italic>S. ciliatum<\/jats:italic>\n                    and aragonitic corals, exemplifying the evolution of mechanisms crucial for animals to act as ecosystem engineers and form reef structures.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.7554\/elife.106239","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,9]],"date-time":"2025-05-09T11:30:21Z","timestamp":1746790221000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7554\/elife.106239","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Genetic parallels in biomineralization of the calcareous sponge Sycon ciliatum and stony 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