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While existing models have emphasized the contributions of cellular- and network-level properties, the core mechanisms underlying rhythmogenesis remain incompletely understood. Further, neither family of models has fully accounted for recent experimental results in zebrafish and other organisms pointing to the importance of cell-type-specific intersegmental connectivity patterns and recruitment of speed-selective subpopulations of interneurons. Informed by these experimental findings and others, we developed a hierarchy of increasingly detailed models of the locomotor network. We find that coordinated locomotion emerges in an inhibition-dominated network in which connectivity is determined by intersegmental phase relationships among interneurons and variable-speed control is implemented by recruitment of speed-selective subpopulations. Further, while structured excitatory connections are not necessary for rhythmogenesis, they are useful for increasing peak locomotion frequency, albeit at the cost of smooth transitions at intermediate frequencies, suggesting a basic computational trade-off between speed and control. Together, this family of models shows that network-level interactions are sufficient to generate coordinated, variable-speed locomotion, providing new interpretations of intersegmental excitatory and inhibitory connectivity, as well as the basic, recruitment-based mechanism of speed control.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.7554\/elife.106658","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,6]],"date-time":"2025-06-06T13:30:54Z","timestamp":1749216654000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7554\/elife.106658","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Coordinated spinal locomotor network dynamics emerge from cell-type-specific connectivity patterns"],"prefix":"10.7554","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"F David","family":"Wandler","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/0293rh119","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Institute of Neuroscience, University of Oregon","place":["Eugene, United States"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"},{"role":"conceptualization","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"formal-analysis","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"writing-original-draft","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"given":"Benjamin K","family":"Lemberger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/0293rh119","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Institute of Neuroscience, University of Oregon","place":["Eugene, United States"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"},{"role":"conceptualization","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"formal-analysis","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6337-2301","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"David L","family":"McLean","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/01nrxwf90","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Discovery Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh","place":["Edinburgh, United Kingdom"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"},{"role":"conceptualization","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"writing-original-draft","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3706-4895","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"James M","family":"Murray","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/0293rh119","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Institute of Neuroscience, University of Oregon","place":["Eugene, United States"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"},{"role":"corresponding-author","vocabulary":"crossref"},{"role":"conceptualization","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"formal-analysis","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"writing-original-draft","vocabulary":"credit"}]}],"member":"4374","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,31]]},"reference":[{"key":"bib1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7554\/eLife.94349.2","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Cell-type-specific origins of locomotor rhythmicity at different speeds in larval zebrafish","volume":"13","author":"Agha","year":"2024","journal-title":"eLife"},{"key":"bib2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2011.06.038","type":"journal-article","article-title":"SnapShot: spinal cord development","volume":"146","author":"Alaynick","year":"2011","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"bib3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms22136835","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Computational modeling of spinal locomotor circuitry in the age of molecular genetics","volume":"22","author":"Ausborn","year":"2021","journal-title":"International Journal of Molecular Sciences"},{"key":"bib4","first-page":"12744","type":"book-chapter","article-title":"Neural circuit architectural priors for embodied control","volume-title":"Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems","author":"Bhattasali","year":"2022"},{"key":"bib5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1211","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2022.01.001","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Voltage imaging identifies spinal circuits that modulate locomotor adaptation in zebrafish","volume":"110","author":"B\u00f6hm","year":"2022","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"bib6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.22-03-j0001.2002","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Spatiotemporal pattern of motoneuron activation in the rostral lumbar and the sacral segments during locomotor-like activity in the neonatal mouse spinal cord","volume":"22","author":"Bonnot","year":"2002","journal-title":"The Journal of Neuroscience"},{"key":"bib7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"308","DOI":"10.1098\/rspb.1911.0077","type":"journal-article","article-title":"The intrinsic factors in the act of progression in the mammal","volume":"84","author":"Brown","year":"1911","journal-title":"Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. 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