{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,24]],"date-time":"2026-08-24T10:27:37Z","timestamp":1787567257330,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":56,"publisher":"eLife Sciences Publications, Ltd","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,19]],"date-time":"2026-05-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1779148800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,19]],"date-time":"2026-05-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1779148800000},"content-version":"am","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,19]],"date-time":"2026-05-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1779148800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100010897","name":"Newton Fund","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["Newton-Bhabha Fund"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Newton-Bhabha Fund"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100010897","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100010269","name":"Wellcome Trust","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["10.35802\/217138"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["10.35802\/217138"],"id":[{"id":"10.35802\/217138","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100010269","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"award":["10.35802\/217138"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["10.35802\/217138"],"id":[{"id":"10.35802\/217138","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/029chgv08","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100010269","name":"Wellcome Trust","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["10.35802\/220797"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["10.35802\/220797"],"id":[{"id":"10.35802\/220797","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100010269","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"award":["10.35802\/220797"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["10.35802\/220797"],"id":[{"id":"10.35802\/220797","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/029chgv08","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["elifesciences.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    <jats:italic>Trypanosoma brucei,<\/jats:italic>\n                    the causal agent of Human and Animal African trypanosomiasis proliferates in the extracellular milieu of mammals. It acquires host macromolecular nutrients by receptor-mediated endocytosis. The best characterised cell surface receptor is for transferrin (TfR), and it has been reported to be preferentially localised in the flagellar pocket domain of the plasma membrane, the sole site of endocytosis. In this location, the TfR may be inaccessible to adaptive immune system effectors. The\n                    <jats:italic>T. brucei<\/jats:italic>\n                    genome encodes ~15 TfR variants, and here we compared two, the first attached to the plasma membrane by a single glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI)-anchor and the other by two. Transferrin uptake kinetics were similar and rapid for both. Unexpectedly, initial binding of transferrin occurred over the whole cell surface suggesting the TfR was not localised solely in the flagellar pocket. This localisation was confirmed by immunofluorescence assays and was independent of the number of GPI-anchors. Two other GPI-anchored receptors were investigated to determine whether localisation to the whole cell surface was a general property of GPI-anchored receptors. Haptoglobin-haemoglobin uptake assays and immunofluorescence localisation of complement factor H receptor showed both were also whole cell surface localised. The mechanisms by which trypanosome receptors are protected from antibody-mediated attack are more complex than hiding in a pocket.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.7554\/elife.107191","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,20]],"date-time":"2025-06-20T10:30:39Z","timestamp":1750415439000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7554\/elife.107191","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Cell surface localisation of GPI-anchored receptors in Trypanosoma brucei"],"prefix":"10.7554","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0716-3668","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Sourav","family":"Banerjee","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/013meh722","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge","place":["Cambridge, United Kingdom"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"},{"role":"data-curation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"formal-analysis","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"investigation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"methodology","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"software","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"validation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"visualization","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"writing-original-draft","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"writing-review-editing","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8350-4903","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Nicola","family":"Minshall","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/013meh722","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge","place":["Cambridge, United Kingdom"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"},{"role":"data-curation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"formal-analysis","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"investigation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"methodology","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"software","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"validation","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1283-1541","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Alexander D","family":"Cook","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/052gg0110","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford","place":["Oxford, United Kingdom"]},{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/052gg0110","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Kavli Institute for Nanoscience Discovery, Dorothy Crowfoot Hodgkin Building, University of Oxford","place":["Oxford, United Kingdom"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"},{"role":"data-curation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"investigation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"validation","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5747-8019","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Olivia","family":"Macleod","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/013meh722","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge","place":["Cambridge, United Kingdom"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"},{"role":"data-curation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"investigation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"validation","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"given":"Helena","family":"Webb","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/013meh722","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge","place":["Cambridge, United Kingdom"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"},{"role":"data-curation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"investigation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"validation","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2870-1955","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Matthew K","family":"Higgins","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/052gg0110","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford","place":["Oxford, United Kingdom"]},{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/052gg0110","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Kavli Institute for Nanoscience Discovery, Dorothy Crowfoot Hodgkin Building, University of Oxford","place":["Oxford, United Kingdom"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"},{"role":"funding-acquisition","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"supervision","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"writing-review-editing","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6435-7266","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Mark","family":"Carrington","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/013meh722","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge","place":["Cambridge, United Kingdom"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"},{"role":"corresponding-author","vocabulary":"crossref"},{"role":"conceptualization","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"formal-analysis","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"funding-acquisition","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"methodology","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"project-administration","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"supervision","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"writing-original-draft","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"writing-review-editing","vocabulary":"credit"}]}],"member":"4374","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"bib1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"W537","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gky379","type":"journal-article","article-title":"The Galaxy platform for accessible, reproducible and collaborative biomedical analyses: 2018 update","volume":"46","author":"Afgan","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Research"},{"key":"bib2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"D457","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gkp851","type":"journal-article","article-title":"TriTrypDB: a functional genomic resource for the Trypanosomatidae","volume":"38","author":"Aslett","year":"2010","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Research"},{"key":"bib3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/bies.202400053","type":"journal-article","article-title":"How are Trypanosoma brucei receptors protected from host antibody-mediated attack?","volume":"46","author":"Banerjee","year":"2024","journal-title":"BioEssays"},{"key":"bib4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"255","DOI":"10.1083\/jcb.103.1.255","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Posttranslational modification and intracellular transport of a trypanosome variant surface glycoprotein","volume":"103","author":"Bangs","year":"1986","journal-title":"The Journal of Cell Biology"},{"key":"bib5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1408","DOI":"10.1038\/s41564-023-01424-9","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Decoding the impact of nuclear organization on antigenic variation in parasites","volume":"8","author":"Barcons-Simon","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nature Microbiology"},{"key":"bib6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1098\/rsos.170095","type":"journal-article","article-title":"A CRISPR Cas9 high-throughput genome editing toolkit for kinetoplastids","volume":"4","author":"Beneke","year":"2017","journal-title":"Royal Society Open Science"},{"key":"bib7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molbiopara.2003.07.005","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Impaired dimerization and trafficking of ESAG6 lacking a glycosyl-phosphatidylinositol anchor","volume":"132","author":"Biebinger","year":"2003","journal-title":"Molecular and Biochemical Parasitology"},{"key":"bib8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"533","DOI":"10.1038\/s41564-022-01295-6","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Genome-wide subcellular protein map for the flagellate parasite Trypanosoma brucei","volume":"8","author":"Billington","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nature Microbiology"},{"key":"bib9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2114","DOI":"10.1093\/bioinformatics\/btu170","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Trimmomatic: a flexible trimmer for Illumina sequence data","volume":"30","author":"Bolger","year":"2014","journal-title":"Bioinformatics"},{"key":"bib10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pbio.0060105","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Biogenesis of the trypanosome endo-exocytotic organelle is cytoskeleton mediated","volume":"6","author":"Bonhivers","year":"2008","journal-title":"PLOS Biology"},{"key":"bib11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6443","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.91.14.6443","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Expression of a glycosylphosphatidylinositol-anchored Trypanosoma brucei transferrin-binding protein complex in insect cells","volume":"91","author":"Chaudhri","year":"1994","journal-title":"PNAS"},{"key":"bib12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7554\/eLife.88960","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Molecular mechanism of complement inhibition by the trypanosome receptor ISG65","volume":"12","author":"Cook","year":"2024","journal-title":"eLife"},{"key":"bib13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1012333","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Generation of a bloodstream form Trypanosoma brucei double glycosyltransferase null mutant competent in receptor-mediated endocytosis of transferrin","volume":"20","author":"Duncan","year":"2024","journal-title":"PLOS Pathogens"},{"key":"bib14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1105","DOI":"10.1242\/jcs.00938","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Kinetics of endocytosis and recycling of the GPI-anchored variant surface glycoprotein in Trypanosoma brucei","volume":"117","author":"Engstler","year":"2004","journal-title":"Journal of Cell Science"},{"key":"bib15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"505","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2007.08.046","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Hydrodynamic flow-mediated protein sorting on the cell surface of trypanosomes","volume":"131","author":"Engstler","year":"2007","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"bib16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"17425","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0909289106","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Membrane domains and flagellar pocket boundaries are influenced by the cytoskeleton in African trypanosomes","volume":"106","author":"Gadelha","year":"2009","journal-title":"PNAS"},{"key":"bib17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1911","DOI":"10.1074\/mcp.M114.047647","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Architecture of a host\u2013parasite interface: complex targeting mechanisms revealed through proteomics","volume":"14","author":"Gadelha","year":"2015","journal-title":"Molecular & Cellular Proteomics"},{"key":"bib18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"237","DOI":"10.1016\/s0166-6851(01)00417-0","type":"journal-article","article-title":"The physiological significance of transferrin receptor variations in Trypanosoma brucei","volume":"119","author":"Gerrits","year":"2002","journal-title":"Molecular and Biochemical Parasitology"},{"key":"bib19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1009696","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Novel aspects of iron homeostasis in pathogenic bloodstream form Trypanosoma brucei","volume":"17","author":"Gilabert Carbajo","year":"2021","journal-title":"PLOS Pathogens"},{"key":"bib20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.1016\/j.crbiot.2021.01.001","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Prediction of GPI-anchored proteins with pointer neural networks","volume":"3","author":"G\u00edslason","year":"2021","journal-title":"Current Research in Biotechnology"},{"key":"bib21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0003527","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Telomeric expression sites are highly conserved in Trypanosoma brucei","volume":"3","author":"Hertz-Fowler","year":"2008","journal-title":"PLOS ONE"},{"key":"bib22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1905","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1214943110","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Structure of the trypanosome haptoglobin-hemoglobin receptor and implications for nutrient uptake and innate immunity","volume":"110","author":"Higgins","year":"2013","journal-title":"PNAS"},{"key":"bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"985","DOI":"10.2307\/3282883","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Continuous cultivation of Trypanosoma brucei blood stream forms in a medium containing a low concentration of serum protein without feeder cell layers","volume":"75","author":"Hirumi","year":"1989","journal-title":"The Journal of Parasitology"},{"key":"bib24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2958.1996.351878.x","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Use of chimeric recombinant polypeptides to analyse conformational, surface epitopes on trypanosome variant surface glycoproteins","volume":"19","author":"Hsia","year":"1996","journal-title":"Molecular Microbiology"},{"key":"bib25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3309","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1432-1327.2000.01361.x","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Studies on the recycling of the transferrin receptor in Trypanosoma brucei using an inducible gene expression system","volume":"267","author":"Kabiri","year":"2000","journal-title":"European Journal of Biochemistry"},{"key":"bib26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.1016\/s0300-9629(96)00403-3","type":"journal-article","article-title":"High levels of ferritin and its iron in fetal bovine serum","volume":"118","author":"Kakuta","year":"1997","journal-title":"Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology. Part A, Physiology"},{"key":"bib27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7554\/eLife.05553","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Structural basis for ligand and innate immunity factor uptake by the trypanosome haptoglobin-haemoglobin receptor","volume":"3","author":"Lane-Serff","year":"2014","journal-title":"eLife"},{"key":"bib28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7554\/eLife.13044","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Evolutionary diversification of the trypanosome haptoglobin-haemoglobin receptor from an ancestral haemoglobin receptor","volume":"5","author":"Lane-Serff","year":"2016","journal-title":"eLife"},{"key":"bib29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"916","DOI":"10.1128\/EC.05012-11","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Ubiquitylation and developmental regulation of invariant surface protein expression in trypanosomes","volume":"10","author":"Leung","year":"2011","journal-title":"Eukaryotic Cell"},{"key":"bib30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2565","DOI":"10.1002\/j.1460-2075.1994.tb06546.x","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Reconstitution of a surface transferrin binding complex in insect form Trypanosoma brucei","volume":"13","author":"Ligtenberg","year":"1994","journal-title":"The EMBO Journal"},{"key":"bib31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0007373","type":"journal-article","article-title":"A single dose of antibody-drug conjugate cures a stage 1 model of African trypanosomiasis","volume":"13","author":"MacGregor","year":"2019","journal-title":"PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases"},{"key":"bib32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-020-15125-y","type":"journal-article","article-title":"A receptor for the complement regulator factor H increases transmission of trypanosomes to tsetse flies","volume":"11","author":"Macleod","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nature Communications"},{"key":"bib33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-022-32728-9","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Invariant surface glycoprotein 65 of Trypanosoma brucei is a complement C3 receptor","volume":"13","author":"Macleod","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nature Communications"},{"key":"bib34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"205","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exppara.2008.07.004","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Expression and purification of non-glycosylated Trypanosoma brucei transferrin receptor in insect cells","volume":"120","author":"Maier","year":"2008","journal-title":"Experimental Parasitology"},{"key":"bib35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1334","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.2300862","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Trypanosoma brucei Invariant surface glycoprotein 75 is an immunoglobulin Fc receptor inhibiting complement activation and antibody-mediated cellular phagocytosis","volume":"212","author":"Mikkelsen","year":"2024","journal-title":"Journal of Immunology"},{"key":"bib36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1470","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aaa4502","type":"journal-article","article-title":"The in vivo dynamics of antigenic variation in Trypanosoma brucei","volume":"347","author":"Mugnier","year":"2015","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"bib37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2958.2003.03245.x","type":"journal-article","article-title":"The expression level determines the surface distribution of the transferrin receptor in Trypanosoma brucei","volume":"47","author":"Mussmann","year":"2003","journal-title":"Molecular Microbiology"},{"key":"bib38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"40690","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M404697200","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Factors affecting the level and localization of the transferrin receptor in Trypanosoma brucei","volume":"279","author":"Mussmann","year":"2004","journal-title":"The Journal of Biological Chemistry"},{"key":"bib39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/s0166-6851(01)00242-0","type":"journal-article","article-title":"The VSG expression sites of Trypanosoma brucei: multipurpose tools for the adaptation of the parasite to mammalian hosts","volume":"114","author":"Pays","year":"2001","journal-title":"Molecular and Biochemical Parasitology"},{"key":"bib40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"932","DOI":"10.1038\/s41564-018-0187-6","type":"journal-article","article-title":"African trypanosomes evade immune clearance by O-glycosylation of the VSG surface coat","volume":"3","author":"Pinger","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nature Microbiology"},{"key":"bib41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/s0166-6851(98)00114-5","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Molecular cloning and biochemical characterization of a VCP homolog in African trypanosomes","volume":"98","author":"Roggy","year":"1999","journal-title":"Molecular and Biochemical Parasitology"},{"key":"bib42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1016\/0092-8674(94)90574-6","type":"journal-article","article-title":"A novel heterodimeric transferrin receptor encoded by a pair of VSG expression site-associated genes in T. brucei","volume":"78","author":"Salmon","year":"1994","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"bib43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5499","DOI":"10.1242\/jcs.02667","type":"journal-article","article-title":"GPI valence and the fate of secretory membrane proteins in African trypanosomes","volume":"118","author":"Schwartz","year":"2005","journal-title":"Journal of Cell Science"},{"key":"bib44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molbiopara.2010.11.004","type":"journal-article","article-title":"The VSG C-terminal domain is inaccessible to antibodies on live trypanosomes","volume":"175","author":"Schwede","year":"2011","journal-title":"Molecular and Biochemical Parasitology"},{"key":"bib45","first-page":"78","type":"journal-article","article-title":"ESAG 6 and 7 products of Trypanosoma brucei form a transferrin binding protein complex","volume":"64","author":"Steverding","year":"1994","journal-title":"European Journal of Cell Biology"},{"key":"bib46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1173","DOI":"10.1083\/jcb.131.5.1173","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Transferrin-binding protein complex is the receptor for transferrin uptake in Trypanosoma brucei","volume":"131","author":"Steverding","year":"1995","journal-title":"The Journal of Cell Biology"},{"key":"bib47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1006366","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Controlling transferrin receptor trafficking with GPI-valence in bloodstream stage African trypanosomes","volume":"13","author":"Tiengwe","year":"2017","journal-title":"PLOS Pathogens"},{"key":"bib48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2074","DOI":"10.1038\/s41564-019-0589-0","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Structure of the trypanosome transferrin receptor reveals mechanisms of ligand recognition and immune evasion","volume":"4","author":"Trevor","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nature Microbiology"},{"key":"bib49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"677","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1156296","type":"journal-article","article-title":"A haptoglobin-hemoglobin receptor conveys innate immunity to Trypanosoma brucei in humans","volume":"320","author":"Vanhollebeke","year":"2008","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"bib50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2958.2005.04831.x","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Trypanosomes change their transferrin receptor expression to allow effective uptake of host transferrin","volume":"58","author":"van Luenen","year":"2005","journal-title":"Molecular Microbiology"},{"key":"bib51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10797","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9258(19)50089-8","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Molecular characterization of two invariant surface glycoproteins specific for the bloodstream stage of Trypanosoma brucei","volume":"267","author":"Ziegelbauer","year":"1992","journal-title":"The Journal of Biological Chemistry"},{"key":"bib52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10791","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9258(19)50088-6","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Identification of invariant surface glycoproteins in the bloodstream stage of Trypanosoma brucei","volume":"267","author":"Ziegelbauer","year":"1992","journal-title":"The Journal of Biological Chemistry"},{"key":"bib53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4540","DOI":"10.1128\/iai.61.11.4540-4545.1993","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Organization of two invariant surface glycoproteins in the surface coat of Trypanosoma brucei","volume":"61","author":"Ziegelbauer","year":"1993","journal-title":"Infection and Immunity"},{"key":"dataset1","type":"dataset","article-title":"RNAseq reads from Trypanosoma brucei Lister427 strains expressing VSG221 from BES1, VSG118 from BES3 and VSG224 from BES7","volume-title":"EBI European Nucleotide Archive","author":"Banerjee","year":"2026","unstructured":"Banerjee S, Minshall N, Cook AD, Macleod O, Webb H, Carrington MHM. 2026. RNAseq reads from Trypanosoma brucei Lister427 strains expressing VSG221 from BES1, VSG118 from BES3 and VSG224 from BES7. EBI European Nucleotide Archive. https:\/\/www.ebi.ac.uk\/ena\/browser\/view\/PRJEB90063. PRJEB90063."},{"key":"dataset2","type":"dataset","article-title":"Cell surface localisation of GPI-anchored receptors in Trypanosoma brucei","volume-title":"EMBL-EBI BioImage Archive","author":"Banerjee","year":"2026","unstructured":"Banerjee S, Minshall N, Cook AD, Macleod O, Webb H, Higgins M, Carrington M. 2026. Cell surface localisation of GPI-anchored receptors in Trypanosoma brucei. EMBL-EBI BioImage Archive. https:\/\/www.ebi.ac.uk\/biostudies\/BioImages\/studies\/S-BIAD2480?query=S-BIAD2480. S-BIAD2480."},{"key":"dataset3","type":"dataset","article-title":"Trypanosoma brucei Lister 427 surface glycoprotein expression site BES1\/TAR40, from bloodstream","volume-title":"EMBL-EBI BioImage Archive","author":"Hertz-Fowler","year":"2008","unstructured":"Hertz-Fowler C, Figueiredo LM, Quail MA, Becker M, Jackson A, Bason N, Brooks K, Churcher C, Fahkro S, Goodhead I, Heath P, Kartvelishvili M, Mungall K, Harris D, Hauser H, Sanders M, Saunders D, Seeger K, Sharp S, Berriman M. 2008. Trypanosoma brucei Lister 427 surface glycoprotein expression site BES1\/TAR40, from bloodstream. EMBL-EBI BioImage Archive. https:\/\/www.ebi.ac.uk\/ena\/browser\/view\/FM162566. FM162566."}],"container-title":["eLife"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/cdn.elifesciences.org\/articles\/107191\/elife-107191-v1.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/cdn.elifesciences.org\/articles\/107191\/elife-107191-v1.xml","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/elifesciences.org\/articles\/107191","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,24]],"date-time":"2026-08-24T08:57:20Z","timestamp":1787561840000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/elifesciences.org\/articles\/107191"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,19]]},"references-count":56,"alternative-id":["10.7554\/eLife.107191"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7554\/elife.107191","archive":["CLOCKSS"],"relation":{"has-preprint":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.1101\/2025.05.02.651885","asserted-by":"subject"}],"references":[{"id-type":"accession","id":"FM162566","asserted-by":"subject"}],"is-same-as":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.7554\/eLife.107191.3","asserted-by":"subject"}],"is-version-of":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.7554\/eLife.107191.1","asserted-by":"subject"},{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.7554\/eLife.107191.2","asserted-by":"subject"}],"is-financed-by":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.35802\/217138","asserted-by":"subject"},{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.35802\/220797","asserted-by":"subject"},{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.35802\/217138","asserted-by":"object"},{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.35802\/220797","asserted-by":"object"}],"is-supplemented-by":[{"id-type":"accession","id":"PRJEB90063","asserted-by":"subject"},{"id-type":"accession","id":"S-BIAD2480","asserted-by":"subject"}]},"ISSN":["2050-084X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2050-084X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,19]]},"assertion":[{"value":"single anonymised","name":"peer_review_transparency","label":"Peer review transparency","group":{"name":"peer_review_taxonomy"}},{"value":"other reviewer(s), editor","name":"peer_review_interaction","label":"Peer review interaction","group":{"name":"peer_review_taxonomy"}},{"value":"review summaries, review reports, author\/editor communication, reviewer identities reviewer opt in, editor identities","name":"peer_review_published","label":"Peer review published","group":{"name":"peer_review_taxonomy"}},{"value":"open (sign in with ORCID iD required)","name":"post_publication_commenting","label":"Post publication commenting","group":{"name":"post_publication_commenting"}}],"article-number":"RP107191"}}