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Although some studies report preserved high-level processing under CFS, these effects have been increasingly questioned and may partly reflect residual low-level feature processing. A key unresolved issue is how strongly neuronal responses in V1, where inputs from the two eyes first converge, are affected by CFS, and how much the remaining signals can support downstream processing. Here, we used two-photon calcium imaging to record large populations of V1 neurons in awake, fixating macaques while presenting grating stimuli under CFS. CFS strongly suppressed V1 orientation responses in an ocular-dominance-dependent manner, nearly abolishing responses in neurons preferring the masker eye or both eyes, and significantly reducing responses in neurons preferring the grating eye. Modeling analyses further indicated that V1 population activity under CFS may still support coarse orientation classification but not accurate stimulus reconstruction. These results suggest that CFS substantially degrades orientation information in V1. The residual signals may support limited low-level processing but are likely insufficient for downstream higher-level visual and cognitive tasks.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.7554\/elife.107518","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,9]],"date-time":"2025-12-09T14:30:20Z","timestamp":1765290620000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7554\/elife.107518","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Continuous flash suppression of neural responses and population orientation coding in macaque V1"],"prefix":"10.7554","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0004-3140-0426","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Cai-Xia","family":"Chen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/02v51f717","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"School of Psychological and Cognitive Sciences, Peking University","place":["Beijing, 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