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Despite the promise of live attenuated vaccines (LAVs), their narrow margin between efficacy and residual virulence presents major safety challenges. This study bridges a critical knowledge gap in ASF vaccinology by identifying innate and adaptive correlates of protection. This was achieved by using an established model with two groups of pigs differing in baseline immunological status (farm and specific pathogen-free [SPF]). The animals were immunized with an attenuated ASFV strain and subsequently challenged with a related, highly virulent genotype II strain. By applying a systems immunology approach, we correlated kinetic data, including serum cytokines, blood transcription modules (BTMs), T-cell responses, and antibody levels, with clinical outcomes to track protective and detrimental immune responses to the virus over time. Key innate correlates of protection included early and sustained IFN-\u03b1 response, activation of antigen presentation BTMs, and controlled IL-8 levels during immunization. Lower baseline immune activation observed in SPF pigs in steady state was linked to increased protection. Adaptive correlates encompassed cell cycle, plasma cell, and T-cell BTM responses lasting until day 15 post-immunization. Consequently, an effective response from ASFV-specific T\n                    <jats:sub>h<\/jats:sub>\n                    cells prior to challenge indicated protection. After the challenge, an early IFN-\u03b1 response, along with low levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines and a strong induction of memory T\n                    <jats:sub>h<\/jats:sub>\n                    and T\n                    <jats:sub>c<\/jats:sub>\n                    cells, correlated with improved clinical outcomes. The model highlights the critical role of host-specific factors in vaccine efficacy and provides a valuable framework for optimizing ASFV vaccine design while distinguishing between protective and detrimental immune responses.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.7554\/elife.107579","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,17]],"date-time":"2025-07-17T14:30:39Z","timestamp":1752762639000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7554\/elife.107579","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Correlates of protection against African swine fever virus identified by a systems immunology approach"],"prefix":"10.7554","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9781-8129","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Kirill","family":"Lotonin","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Virology and Immunology IVI","place":["Mittelh\u00e4usern, 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