{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,9]],"date-time":"2026-10-09T21:22:17Z","timestamp":1791580937786,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":66,"publisher":"eLife Sciences Publications, Ltd","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,16]],"date-time":"2026-03-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1773619200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,16]],"date-time":"2026-03-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1773619200000},"content-version":"am","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,16]],"date-time":"2026-03-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1773619200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Science Foundation","award":["IOS-2209762"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["IOS-2209762"]}]},{"award":["IOS-2209762"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["IOS-2209762"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/021nxhr62","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["elifesciences.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    In coevolutionary interactions, host plants accrue novel chemical defenses that specialist herbivores counter by detoxification and sometimes sequestration. We recently found unusual nitrogen- and sulfur-containing (N,S-) cardenolides in some milkweeds\u2014highly toxic compounds that monarch butterflies (\n                    <jats:italic>Danaus plexippus<\/jats:italic>\n                    ) detoxify during sequestration. We hypothesized that the N,S-cardenolides in\n                    <jats:italic>Asclepias curassavica<\/jats:italic>\n                    (uscharin and voruscharin) would reduce caterpillar performance and sequestration more than other abundant related cardenolides (15-hydroxy-calotropin, frugoside, calactin). Cardenolides generally increased feeding relative to controls, but voruscharin was not stimulatory and substantially reduced growth efficiency. Exposure to either N,S-cardenolide produced the lowest sequestration and reduced sequestration efficiency, consistent with detoxification limiting toxin retention. We next tested whether toxin mixtures impose additional costs relative to individual compounds. We prepared two mixtures, one with equal concentrations of five cardenolides and a \u2018realistic mixture\u2019 reflecting natural proportions. Relative to the average of single compounds, mixtures reduced feeding, growth, sequestration, and sequestration efficiency, indicating phytochemical diversity effects exceeded expectations from an additive model. The two mixtures similarly reduced growth, but feeding on the realistic mixture yielded the lowest sequestration. We conclude that coevolution can produce highly specialized defense metabolites such as N,S-cardenolides that thwart even sequestering herbivores, and that phytochemical mixtures strengthen plant defense.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.7554\/elife.109003","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,9]],"date-time":"2025-12-09T14:30:20Z","timestamp":1765290620000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7554\/elife.109003","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Cardenolide toxin diversity impacts monarch butterfly growth and sequestration"],"prefix":"10.7554","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0095-1220","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Anurag A","family":"Agrawal","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/05bnh6r87","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Cornell University","place":["Ithaca, United States"]},{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/05bnh6r87","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Department of Entomology, Cornell University","place":["Ithaca, United States"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"},{"role":"corresponding-author","vocabulary":"crossref"},{"role":"conceptualization","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"data-curation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"formal-analysis","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"funding-acquisition","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"investigation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"methodology","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"project-administration","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"supervision","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"writing-original-draft","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"writing-review-editing","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"given":"Amy P","family":"Hastings","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/05bnh6r87","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Cornell University","place":["Ithaca, United States"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"},{"role":"conceptualization","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"data-curation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"investigation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"methodology","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"validation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"writing-review-editing","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"given":"Paola","family":"Rubiano-Buitrago","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/05bnh6r87","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Cornell University","place":["Ithaca, United States"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"},{"role":"formal-analysis","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"methodology","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"validation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"writing-review-editing","vocabulary":"credit"}]}],"member":"4374","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"bib1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"420","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2435.2010.01796.x","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Current trends in the evolutionary ecology of plant defence","volume":"25","author":"Agrawal","year":"2011","journal-title":"Functional Ecology"},{"key":"bib2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"893","DOI":"10.1007\/s10886-012-0145-3","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Attenuation of the jasmonate burst, plant defensive traits, and resistance to specialist monarch caterpillars on shaded common milkweed (Asclepias syriaca)","volume":"38","author":"Agrawal","year":"2012","journal-title":"Journal of Chemical Ecology"},{"key":"bib3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-8137.2011.04049.x","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Toxic cardenolides: chemical ecology and coevolution of specialized plant-herbivore interactions","volume":"194","author":"Agrawal","year":"2012","journal-title":"The New Phytologist"},{"key":"bib4","first-page":"47","type":"book-chapter","article-title":"Macroevolutionary trends in the defense of milkweeds against monarchs: latex, cardenolides, and tolerance of herbivory","volume-title":"Monarchs in a Changing World: Biology and Conservation of an Iconic Insect","author":"Agrawal","year":"2015"},{"key":"bib5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2024463118","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Cardenolides, toxicity, and the costs of sequestration in the coevolutionary interaction between monarchs and milkweeds","volume":"118","author":"Agrawal","year":"2021","journal-title":"PNAS"},{"key":"bib6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2205073119","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Functional evidence supports adaptive plant chemical defense along a geographical cline","volume":"119","author":"Agrawal","year":"2022","journal-title":"PNAS"},{"key":"bib7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"725","DOI":"10.1007\/s10886-024-01546-2","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Potent nitrogen-containing milkweed toxins are differentially regulated by soil nitrogen and herbivore-induced defense","volume":"50","author":"Agrawal","year":"2024","journal-title":"Journal of Chemical Ecology"},{"key":"bib8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/ele.14340","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Testing the selective sequestration hypothesis: monarch butterflies preferentially sequester plant defences that are less toxic to themselves while maintaining potency to others","volume":"27","author":"Agrawal","year":"2024","journal-title":"Ecology Letters"},{"key":"bib9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.1016\/0041-0101(79)90294-0","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Effects on sheep of the milkweeds Asclepias eriocarpa and A. labriformis and of cardiac glycoside-containing derivative material","volume":"17","author":"Benson","year":"1979","journal-title":"Toxicon"},{"key":"bib10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-ento-062821-062319","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Sequestration of plant defense compounds by insects: from mechanisms to insect-plant coevolution","volume":"67","author":"Beran","year":"2022","journal-title":"Annual Review of Entomology"},{"key":"bib11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"927","DOI":"10.1126\/science.212.4497.927","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Toxicity of angular furanocoumarins to swallowtail butterflies: escalation in a coevolutionary arms race?","volume":"212","author":"Berenbaum","year":"1981","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"bib12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"207","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00994434","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Adaptive significance of furanocoumarin diversity in Pastinaca sativa (Apiaceae)","volume":"17","author":"Berenbaum","year":"1991","journal-title":"Journal of Chemical Ecology"},{"key":"bib13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4899-1754-6_1","type":"book-chapter","article-title":"Phytochemical diversity: adaptation or random variation?","volume-title":"Phytochemical Diversity and Redundancy in Ecological Interactions","author":"Berenbaum","year":"1996"},{"key":"bib14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/436476a","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Taste alteration and endoparasites","volume":"436","author":"Bernays","year":"2005","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"bib15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules26113374","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Diversity in chemical structures and biological properties of plant alkaloids","volume":"26","author":"Bhambhani","year":"2021","journal-title":"Molecules"},{"key":"bib16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"817","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00988322","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Fate of iridoid glycosides in different life stages of the Buckeye,Junonia coenia (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae)","volume":"18","author":"Bowers","year":"1992","journal-title":"Journal of Chemical Ecology"},{"key":"bib17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/srep42717","type":"journal-article","article-title":"SwissADME: a free web tool to evaluate pharmacokinetics, drug-likeness and medicinal chemistry friendliness of small molecules","volume":"7","author":"Daina","year":"2017","journal-title":"Scientific Reports"},{"key":"bib18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1399","DOI":"10.1016\/0031-9422(91)80037-2","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Cardenolide glycosides with doubly linked sugars from Gomphocarpus sinaicus","volume":"34","author":"El-Askary","year":"1993","journal-title":"Phytochemistry"},{"key":"bib19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1466","DOI":"10.1126\/science.129.3361.1466","type":"journal-article","article-title":"The raison d\u2019\u00catre of secondary plant substances","volume":"129","author":"Fraenkel","year":"1959","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"bib20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"215","DOI":"10.1111\/2041-210X.13340","type":"journal-article","article-title":"LeafByte: a mobile application that measures leaf area and herbivory quickly and accurately","volume":"11","author":"Getman\u2010Pickering","year":"2020","journal-title":"Methods in Ecology and Evolution"},{"key":"bib21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ecy.3158","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Disentangling dimensions of phytochemical diversity: alpha and beta have contrasting effects on an insect herbivore","volume":"101","author":"Glassmire","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ecology"},{"key":"bib22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"130","DOI":"10.1002\/jlac.19505660204","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Zusammenh\u00e4nge zwischen den wichtigsten Giftstoffen der Calotropis procera V. Mitteilung \u00fcber afrikanische Pfeilgifte","volume":"566","author":"Hesse","year":"1950","journal-title":"Justus Liebigs Annalen Der Chemie"},{"key":"bib23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"52","DOI":"10.1007\/s10886-023-01461-y","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Mixtures of milkweed cardenolides protect monarch butterflies against parasites","volume":"50","author":"Hoogshagen","year":"2024","journal-title":"Journal of Chemical Ecology"},{"key":"bib24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1092","DOI":"10.1111\/oik.06001","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Beyond preference and performance: host plant selection by monarch butterflies, Danaus plexippus","volume":"128","author":"Jones","year":"2019","journal-title":"Oikos"},{"key":"bib25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"264","DOI":"10.1007\/s10886-019-01055-7","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Cardenolide Intake, sequestration, and excretion by the monarch butterfly along gradients of plant toxicity and larval ontogeny","volume":"45","author":"Jones","year":"2019","journal-title":"Journal of Chemical Ecology"},{"key":"bib26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-ecolsys-110617-062406","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Plant secondary metabolite diversity and species interactions","volume":"49","author":"Kessler","year":"2018","journal-title":"Annual Review of Ecology, Evolution, and Systematics"},{"key":"bib27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1008","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-313X.2006.03019.x","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Myzus persicae (green peach aphid) feeding on Arabidopsis induces the formation of a deterrent indole glucosinolate","volume":"49","author":"Kim","year":"2007","journal-title":"The Plant Journal"},{"key":"bib28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"196","DOI":"10.1111\/ens.12413","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Relationships among catalpol sequestration, metabolism and nutritional efficiencies of the catalpa sphinx, Ceratomia catalpae (Lepidoptera: Sphingidae)","volume":"23","author":"Lampert","year":"2020","journal-title":"Entomological Science"},{"key":"bib29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"371","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.ento.42.1.371","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Host plant influences on sex pheromone behavior of phytophagous insects","volume":"42","author":"Landolt","year":"1997","journal-title":"Annual Review of Entomology"},{"key":"bib30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1956","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bmcl.2009.02.045","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Cytotoxicity of cardenolides and cardenolide glycosides from Asclepias curassavica","volume":"19","author":"Li","year":"2009","journal-title":"Bioorganic & Medicinal Chemistry Letters"},{"key":"bib31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2417524121","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Plant chemical diversity enhances defense against herbivory","volume":"121","author":"L\u00f3pez-Goldar","year":"2024","journal-title":"PNAS"},{"key":"bib32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1435","DOI":"10.1023\/a:1024269621284","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Pyrrolizidine alkaloids as oviposition stimulants for the cinnabar moth, Tyria jacobaeae","volume":"29","author":"Macel","year":"2003","journal-title":"Journal of Chemical Ecology"},{"key":"bib33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1493","DOI":"10.1007\/s10886-005-5793-0","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Differences in effects of pyrrolizidine alkaloids on five generalist insect herbivore species","volume":"31","author":"Macel","year":"2005","journal-title":"Journal of Chemical Ecology"},{"key":"bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-86688-4","type":"book","volume-title":"Caterpillars in the Middle: Tritrophic Interactions in a Changing World","author":"Marquis","year":"2022"},{"key":"bib35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1435","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1558-5646.1997.tb01467.x","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Experimental manipulation of putative selective agents provides evidence for the role of natural enemies in the evolution of plant defense","volume":"51","author":"Mauricio","year":"1997","journal-title":"Evolution; International Journal of Organic Evolution"},{"key":"bib36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"905","DOI":"10.1007\/s10886-010-9825-z","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Differential effects of indole and aliphatic glucosinolates on lepidopteran herbivores","volume":"36","author":"M\u00fcller","year":"2010","journal-title":"Journal of Chemical Ecology"},{"key":"bib37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"609","DOI":"10.1007\/s10886-014-0459-4","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Toxicity of pyrrolizidine alkaloids to Spodoptera exigua using insect cell lines and injection bioassays","volume":"40","author":"Nuringtyas","year":"2014","journal-title":"Journal of Chemical Ecology"},{"key":"bib38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3734","DOI":"10.1080\/10408398.2021.1993127","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Review of the recent developments in metabolomics-based phytochemical research","volume":"63","author":"Pandohee","year":"2023","journal-title":"Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition"},{"key":"bib39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"323","DOI":"10.1034\/j.1600-0706.2003.11828.x","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Integrating methods that investigate how complementarity influences ecosystem functioning","volume":"101","author":"Petchey","year":"2003","journal-title":"Oikos"},{"key":"bib40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"275","DOI":"10.1016\/bs.mie.2022.08.003","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Quantification of plant cardenolides by HPLC, measurement of Na+\/K+-ATPase inhibition activity, and characterization of target enzymes","volume":"680","author":"Petschenka","year":"2022","journal-title":"Methods in Enzymology"},{"key":"bib41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"473","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pbi.2009.05.005","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Plant defense against herbivory: progress in identifying synergism, redundancy, and antagonism between resistance traits","volume":"12","author":"Rasmann","year":"2009","journal-title":"Current Opinion in Plant Biology"},{"key":"bib42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"861","DOI":"10.1126\/science.161.3844.861","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Heart poisons in the monarch butterfly","volume":"161","author":"Reichstein","year":"1968","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"bib43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1570-7458.2002.00988.x","type":"journal-article","article-title":"The chemical world of crucivores: lures, treats and traps","volume":"104","author":"Renwick","year":"2002","journal-title":"Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata"},{"key":"bib44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1276","DOI":"10.1007\/s10886-012-0190-y","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Synergistic effects of iridoid glycosides on the survival, development and immune response of a specialist caterpillar, Junonia coenia (Nymphalidae)","volume":"38","author":"Richards","year":"2012","journal-title":"Journal of Chemical Ecology"},{"key":"bib45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1153","DOI":"10.1007\/s11101-016-9479-8","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Phytochemical diversity and synergistic effects on herbivores","volume":"15","author":"Richards","year":"2016","journal-title":"Phytochemistry Reviews"},{"key":"bib46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4899-1754-6","type":"book","volume-title":"Phytochemical Diversity and Redundancy in Ecological Interactions","author":"Romeo","year":"1996"},{"key":"bib47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1494","DOI":"10.1021\/np0501740","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Cytotoxic principles from the formosan milkweed, Asclepias curassavica","volume":"68","author":"Roy","year":"2005","journal-title":"Journal of Natural Products"},{"key":"bib48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules28010105","type":"journal-article","article-title":"New structures, spectrometric quantification, and inhibitory properties of cardenolides from Asclepias curassavica seeds","volume":"28","author":"Rubiano-Buitrago","year":"2022","journal-title":"Molecules"},{"key":"bib49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fevo.2023.1175205","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Differential accumulation of cardenolides from Asclepias curassavica by large milkweed bugs does not correspond to availability in seeds or biological activity on the bug Na+\/K+-ATPase","volume":"11","author":"Rubiano-Buitrago","year":"2023","journal-title":"Frontiers in Ecology and Evolution"},{"key":"bib50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2535853123","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Structural innovation in the evolution of plant chemical defense","volume":"123","author":"Rubiano-Buitrago","year":"2026","journal-title":"PNAS"},{"key":"bib51","first-page":"215","type":"journal-article","article-title":"An inventory of taste in caterpillars: each species its own key","volume":"48","author":"Schoonhoven","year":"2002","journal-title":"Acta Zoologica Academiae Scientiarum Hungaricae"},{"key":"bib52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1093\/oso\/9780198525943.001.0001","type":"book","volume-title":"Insect-Plant Biology","author":"Schoonhoven","year":"2005"},{"key":"bib53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"273","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-403250-7.50032-7","type":"book-chapter","article-title":"Studies on the toxic principle of asclepias eriocarpa and asclepias labriformis","volume-title":"Effects of Poisonous Plants on Livestock","author":"Seiber","year":"1978"},{"key":"bib54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"321","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01402911","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Pharmacodynamics of some individual milkweed cardenolides fed to larvae of the monarch butterfly (Danaus plexippus L.)","volume":"6","author":"Seiber","year":"1980","journal-title":"Journal of Chemical Ecology"},{"key":"bib55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"874","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-185X.2012.00228.x","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Why are defensive toxins so variable? An evolutionary perspective","volume":"87","author":"Speed","year":"2012","journal-title":"Biological Reviews of the Cambridge Philosophical Society"},{"key":"bib56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"499","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1461-0248.2007.01045.x","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Resistance management in a native plant: nicotine prevents herbivores from compensating for plant protease inhibitors","volume":"10","author":"Steppuhn","year":"2007","journal-title":"Ecology Letters"},{"key":"bib57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4845","DOI":"10.1111\/mec.15219","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Transcriptomics of monarch butterflies (Danaus plexippus) reveals that toxic host plants alter expression of detoxification genes and down-regulate a small number of immune genes","volume":"28","author":"Tan","year":"2019","journal-title":"Molecular Ecology"},{"key":"bib58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1111\/een.12168","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Effects of soil nutrients on the sequestration of plant defence chemicals by the specialist insect herbivore, D anaus plexippus","volume":"40","author":"Tao","year":"2015","journal-title":"Ecological Entomology"},{"key":"bib59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"229","DOI":"10.1016\/S0065-2806(08)60230-1","type":"book-chapter","article-title":"The consumption and utilization of food by insects","volume-title":"Advances in Insect Physiology","author":"Waldbauer","year":"1968"},{"key":"bib60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1111\/ele.13422","type":"journal-article","article-title":"The many dimensions of phytochemical diversity: linking theory to practice","volume":"23","author":"Wetzel","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ecology Letters"},{"key":"bib61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1205","DOI":"10.1111\/ele.13736","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Interaction diversity explains the maintenance of phytochemical diversity","volume":"24","author":"Whitehead","year":"2021","journal-title":"Ecology Letters"},{"key":"bib62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2018.00364","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Plant secondary metabolites modulate insect behavior-steps toward addiction?","volume":"9","author":"Wink","year":"2018","journal-title":"Frontiers in Physiology"},{"key":"bib63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2539","DOI":"10.1111\/1365-2435.70077","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Both synergism and interaction diversity explain the mixtures of defensive monoterpenes in spruce oleoresin","volume":"39","author":"Zaman","year":"2025","journal-title":"Functional Ecology"},{"key":"bib64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8919","DOI":"10.1039\/c4ob01545b","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Structures, chemotaxonomic significance, cytotoxic and Na(+),K(+)-ATPase inhibitory activities of new cardenolides from Asclepias curassavica","volume":"12","author":"Zhang","year":"2014","journal-title":"Organic & Biomolecular Chemistry"},{"key":"bib65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"50","DOI":"10.1007\/s10886-018-1040-3","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Toxicity of milkweed leaves and latex: chromatographic quantification versus biological activity of cardenolides in 16 asclepias species","volume":"45","author":"Z\u00fcst","year":"2019","journal-title":"Journal of Chemical Ecology"},{"key":"dataset1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7298\/sq5m-xx07","type":"dataset","article-title":"Data from: Cardenolide toxin diversity impacts monarch butterfly growth and sequestration","volume-title":"Cornell University Library eCommons Repository","author":"Agrawal","year":"2025","unstructured":"Agrawal A, Rubiano-Buitrago P, Hastings A. 2025. Data from: Cardenolide toxin diversity impacts monarch butterfly growth and sequestration. Cornell University Library eCommons Repository."}],"container-title":["eLife"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/cdn.elifesciences.org\/articles\/109003\/elife-109003-v1.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/cdn.elifesciences.org\/articles\/109003\/elife-109003-v1.xml","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/elifesciences.org\/articles\/109003","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,24]],"date-time":"2026-08-24T09:07:55Z","timestamp":1787562475000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/elifesciences.org\/articles\/109003"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,16]]},"references-count":66,"alternative-id":["10.7554\/eLife.109003"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7554\/elife.109003","archive":["CLOCKSS"],"relation":{"has-preprint":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.1101\/2025.09.03.673942","asserted-by":"subject"}],"is-same-as":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.7554\/eLife.109003.3","asserted-by":"subject"}],"is-version-of":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.7554\/eLife.109003.1","asserted-by":"subject"},{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.7554\/eLife.109003.2","asserted-by":"subject"}],"is-supplemented-by":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.7298\/sq5m-xx07","asserted-by":"subject"}]},"ISSN":["2050-084X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2050-084X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,16]]},"assertion":[{"value":"single anonymised","name":"peer_review_transparency","label":"Peer review transparency","group":{"name":"peer_review_taxonomy"}},{"value":"other reviewer(s), editor","name":"peer_review_interaction","label":"Peer review interaction","group":{"name":"peer_review_taxonomy"}},{"value":"review summaries, review reports, author\/editor communication, reviewer identities reviewer opt in, editor identities","name":"peer_review_published","label":"Peer review published","group":{"name":"peer_review_taxonomy"}},{"value":"open (sign in with ORCID iD required)","name":"post_publication_commenting","label":"Post publication commenting","group":{"name":"post_publication_commenting"}}],"article-number":"RP109003"}}