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Despite our knowledge that the brainstem-cerebellum plays an important role in motor error detection and motor learning, the involvement of neocortex remains largely unclear. Here, we report the neuronal computation and representation of saccadic error in macaque posterior parietal cortex (PPC). Neurons with persistent pre- and post-saccadic response (PPS) represent the intended end-position of saccade; neurons with late post-saccadic response (LPS) represent the actual end-position of saccade. Remarkably, after the arrival of the LPS signal, the PPS neurons\u2019 activity becomes highly correlated with the discrepancy between intended and actual end-position, and with the probability of making secondary (corrective) saccades. Thus, this neuronal computation might underlie the formation of saccadic error signals in PPC for speeding up saccadic learning and leading the occurrence of secondary saccade.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.7554\/elife.10912","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,4,20]],"date-time":"2016-04-20T07:29:24Z","timestamp":1461137364000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":26,"title":["Neuronal representation of saccadic error in macaque posterior parietal cortex (PPC)"],"prefix":"10.7554","volume":"5","author":[{"given":"Yang","family":"Zhou","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and Learning, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China"},{"name":"Institute of Neuroscience, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China"},{"name":"University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yining","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Haidong","family":"Lu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and Learning, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Si","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and Learning, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5407-7770","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Mingsha","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and Learning, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"4374","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,4,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"bib1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.neuro.25.112701.142922","article-title":"Intentional maps in posterior parietal cortex","volume":"25","author":"Andersen","year":"2002","journal-title":"Annual Review of Neuroscience"},{"key":"bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10931","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.19-24-10931.1999","article-title":"Saccadic dysmetria and adaptation after lesions of the cerebellar cortex","volume":"19","author":"Barash","year":"1999","journal-title":"Journal of Neuroscience"},{"key":"bib3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"245","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-8721.2006.00445.x","article-title":"Understanding motor awareness through normal and pathological behavior","volume":"15","author":"Berti","year":"2006","journal-title":"Current Directions in Psychological Science"},{"key":"bib4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2179","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cub.2005.11.037","article-title":"Cerebellar complex spike firing is suitable to induce as well as to stabilize motor learning","volume":"15","author":"Catz","year":"2005","journal-title":"Current Biology\u00a0"},{"key":"bib5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.2008.159459","article-title":"Adaptation of reactive and voluntary saccades: Different patterns of adaptation revealed in the antisaccade task","volume":"587","author":"Cotti","year":"2009","journal-title":"The Journal of Physiology"},{"key":"bib6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"587","DOI":"10.1038\/nrn2457","article-title":"Corollary discharge across the animal kingdom","volume":"9","author":"Crapse","year":"2008","journal-title":"Nature Reviews. 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