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Although models often express this flexibility as a property of the accumulator, its implementation in the brain may involve adaptive mechanisms operating at other stages of the decision process. We examined two such mechanisms: (1) stimulus-specific sensory adaptation at the level of evidence encoding, and (2) arousal-related neuromodulation, which could, in principle, affect both evidence encoding and accumulation. We measured single-unit activity in the middle temporal (MT) area and pupil-linked arousal while monkeys performed a modified random-dot motion direction-discrimination task in which an adapting stimulus with varied temporal stability preceded a behaviorally relevant test stimulus. The monkeys\u2019 decisions reflected adaptive evidence accumulation that depended on temporal-context stability and corresponded to context-dependent changes in both stimulus-specific sensory adaptation in MT and task-evoked pupil responses. However, adaptation and pupil adjustments were not related to each other. Together, these findings suggest that multiple mechanisms contribute to flexible, context-dependent evidence accumulation, including changes in sensory adaptation that shape evidence encoding and changes in arousal that may shape the accumulation process itself.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.7554\/elife.110685","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,1]],"date-time":"2026-04-01T17:30:21Z","timestamp":1775064621000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7554\/elife.110685","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Sensory adaptation and pupil-linked arousal support flexible evidence accumulation during perceptual decision making"],"prefix":"10.7554","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8670-7303","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Kara D","family":"McGaughey","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/00b30xv10","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Department of Neuroscience, University of 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