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This study investigates the role of Matrin-3 (MATR3), a highly expressed RNA-binding protein in growing oocytes (GOs), using oocyte-specific knockout mouse models and human oocyte maturation arrest (OMA) samples. The results showed that MATR3 was more abundant in GOs than fully grown oocytes (FGOs), highly expressed in the nucleus of non-surrounded nucleolus (NSN) oocytes, and exited the nucleus during the NSN-to-surrounded nucleolus (SN) transition. In OMA patients, MATR3 nuclear localization was missed, with smaller oocytes than FGOs. Further,\n                    <jats:italic>Matr3<\/jats:italic>\n                    deletion in mouse GOs caused restricted oocyte growth, global transcription disorders, follicle development failure, blocked GO-granulosa cell communication (via reduced\n                    <jats:italic>Gdf9<\/jats:italic>\n                    and\n                    <jats:italic>Rdx<\/jats:italic>\n                    expression), and infertility. Mechanistically, MATR3 regulated transcription by recruiting H3K9me2-demethylating lysine-specific demethylase 3B or binding target gene promoters, like\n                    <jats:italic>Rdx<\/jats:italic>\n                    . These findings reveal a critical role of MATR3 in orchestrating transcription and paracrine signaling during oogenesis and suggest its potential as a diagnostic and therapeutic target for OMA.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.7554\/elife.110703","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,10]],"date-time":"2026-04-10T14:30:54Z","timestamp":1775831454000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7554\/elife.110703","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["MATR3 is essential for oocyte growth and maturation quality through a dual molecular mechanism"],"prefix":"10.7554","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0007-6511-0234","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Yibing","family":"Bao","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/04v3ywz14","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"State Key Laboratory of Animal Biotech Breeding, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural 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