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Although large herbivores can significantly affect the smaller ones, the reverse effect is largely unknown. On the Qinghai\u2013Tibetan Plateau, plateau pikas (\n                    <jats:italic>Ochotona curzoniae<\/jats:italic>\n                    ) are often considered pests that compete with livestock at high densities. Using field experiments, we show that the presence of pikas facilitates weight gains of yaks (\n                    <jats:italic>Bos grunniens<\/jats:italic>\n                    ) by improving vegetation composition at a moderate density level. Compared to the pika-present treatment, pika removal dramatically increased cover of the poisonous\n                    <jats:italic>Stellera<\/jats:italic>\n                    forbs by twofold, reducing the abundance and protein content of palatable grasses and sedges, yak foraging efficiency, and yak weight gain by up to 42%. Notably, we found a humped relationship between yak weight gains and pika burrow densities in the pika-present plots; the facilitative effect of pikas on yaks was highest at about 200 burrows\/ha, but shifted to a competitive effect at pika densities exceeding 400 burrows\/ha. These results provide the first empirical evidence that maintaining a moderate density of small mammalian herbivores can benefit growth performance of livestock by improving vegetation composition. Our study highlights the significance of moderate populations of ecosystem-engineering small mammals in sustaining pastoral productivity in rangelands.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.7554\/elife.111340","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,12]],"date-time":"2026-06-12T16:30:20Z","timestamp":1781281820000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7554\/elife.111340","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Small mammalian herbivores at moderate densities facilitate livestock growth by improving vegetation composition in grasslands"],"prefix":"10.7554","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8598-961X","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Zhiwei","family":"Zhong","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/02rkvz144","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Key Laboratory of Vegetation Ecology of the Ministry of Education, Songnen Grassland Ecosystem National Observation and Research 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